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What is an open system in thermodynamics?

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An open system is one that can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings.

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What is Gibbs Free Energy?

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Gibbs Free Energy (G) is the energy associated with a chemical reaction that can be used to do work at constant temperature and pressure. It relates enthalpy, temperature, and entropy.

Front

What characterizes an endothermic reaction?

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In an endothermic reaction, the system absorbs heat from the surroundings, resulting in a positive enthalpy change (ΔH > 0) and a negative temperature change (ΔT < 0).

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What does a positive change in entropy (ΔS > 0) indicate about a reaction?

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A positive change in entropy (ΔS > 0) indicates that the reaction is spontaneous under the given conditions.

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What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time, and is constant if all processes are reversible.

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Define enthalpy (H).

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Enthalpy (H) is a thermodynamic quantity that represents the total heat content of a system, defined as H = U + PV, where U is internal energy, P is pressure, and V is volume.

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What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?

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Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings (ΔH < 0), while endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings (ΔH > 0).

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What is Hess's Law?

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Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is the same, regardless of whether the reaction occurs in one step or multiple steps.

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What is calorimetry?

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Calorimetry is the measurement of heat transfer during chemical reactions or physical changes.

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What is the significance of the Gibbs Free Energy equation?

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The Gibbs Free Energy equation (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) helps predict the spontaneity of a reaction: if ΔG < 0, the reaction is spontaneous; if ΔG > 0, it is non-spontaneous.