Afl practise year 2

Front

A diagnosis of polio is made. Several members of his immediate family are screened to find out if they have been infected. How is polio primarily spread? Options: Droplets from the respiratory tract, Direct contact with skin, faecal-oral spread, sharing of crockery and cutlery

Back

faecal-oral spread

Answer explanation

learn routes of transmission for infections

Front

A 28-year-old man who recently returned from sub-Saharan Africa presents with fever, chills, and confusion. Blood film shows intracellular ring forms in red blood cells. The patient develops jaundice and renal dysfunction. What is the likely cause?

Back

plasmodium falciparum

Answer explanation

sub-saharan africa --> Malaria

everything is in the mini-bestiary

Front

Which fungus is most associated with pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?

Back

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Answer explanation

candida --> yeast, severe infection in immunocompromised patients

cryptococcus --> meningitis

trichophyton --> fungal infection of the feet in immunoCOMPETENT not compromised people

aspergillus --> immunosuppressed, lung infection.

all in my slides from I&I. med school loves to ask these

Front

A 24-year-old backpacker develops bloating, foul-smelling diarrhoea, and flatulence two weeks after returning from a 3-month trip through rural South America. Symptoms persist despite loperamide and dietary changes. What is the likely cause?

Back

giardia

Answer explanation

travellers diarrhoea- always giardia

Front

Which of the following is true regarding fungal cell walls compared to bacterial walls? Fungal cell wall is composed of betaglucans, fungal cell wall is composed of ergosterol, bacterial cell wall contains beta glucans, bacteria and fungus both dont have cell membranes.

Back

Fungal cell wall is composed of betaglucans.

Answer explanation

learn structures and compositions of bacterias and fungus. also helps in pharmacology

fungus have chitin and betaglucans in their cell wall

fungal membrane has ergosterol NOT cell wall

bacterial cell wall has peptidoglycan

Front

Which of the following is a live vaccine? HPV, MMR, Hep B, PCV

Back

MMR

Answer explanation

Live attenuated vaccines ->

Rotavirus

MMR

BCG

Chicken pox

oral polio

intranasal influenza

Front

Which of the following is a type 2 hypersensitivity? (extra points if u can tell me what types other options are) Options: seasonal hay fever, rheumatoid arthritis, contact dermatitis, hemolytic disease of the newborn

Back

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Answer explanation

Type 1 - immediate reaction mediated by IgE antibodies; leads to allergy, anaphylaxis, hay fever, atopic disease; involves mast cell and basophil degranulation releasing histamine.

type 2 - IgG or IgM antibody-mediated cytotoxic reaction; occurs in hours to days; examples include haemolytic disease of the newborn, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Goodpasture’s syndrome.

type 3- antigen-antibody immune complex-mediated reaction; occurs over hours, days, or weeks; examples include serum sickness, RA, SLE, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis; involves immune complex deposition and inflammation.

type 4- delayed hypersensitivity (24-72 hours); T cell-mediated; involved in contact dermatitis and tuberculin skin test; causes local tissue inflammation and damage.

Front

Stage 3B will have eGFR levels of?

Back

30-44

Answer explanation

stage 1 - >90

stage 2 - >60

stage 3a - >45

stage 3b - >30

stage 4 - >15

stage 5- 0-15

Front

which of the following is a post-renal cause of AKI? Blood loss, BPH, drugs, glomerulonephritis

Back

BPH

Answer explanation

• Pre renal- Blood supply- low volume in blood (Majority cases)

Impaired perfusion-

Blood loss, Sepsis, Cardiac failure, Vascular occlusion, Dehydration 

Treatment- Rehydrate

• Intrarenal- in the kidney

Only 10% of the cases

Includes glomerulus, tubules vessels and interstitium 

Glomerulonephritis, small vessel vasculitis, acute tubular necrosis

Acute interstitial nephritis

Can be caused by drugs, toxins, inflammatory disease, prolonged hypotension, infection, autoimmune disease.

• Post renal- blockage/obstruction in urethra

Stone- urinary calculi, bladder/prostate/cervical cancer, enlarged prostate

Front

In a 30 day menstrual cycle what day does ovulation occur?

Back

16

Answer explanation

total - 14 = ovulation