Immune System

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What is adaptive immunity?

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Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that develops as a response to exposure to specific pathogens, involving the activation of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and the production of antibodies.

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What role do Toll proteins play in the immune system?

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Toll proteins are essential for the immune response, particularly in recognizing pathogens and activating defense mechanisms, such as the production of antimicrobial peptides.

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What is the function of the thymus in the immune system?

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The thymus is responsible for the maturation and differentiation of T cells, which are crucial for the adaptive immune response.

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Which organs are part of the immune system?

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Key organs of the immune system include the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. The bladder is not part of the immune system.

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What is the difference between effector B cells and cytotoxic T cells?

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Effector B cells secrete antibodies specific to pathogens, while cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected host cells.

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What is innate immunity?

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Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens, providing a non-specific response that includes physical barriers (like skin) and immune cells (like macrophages).

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What are antibodies?

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Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that specifically bind to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction by the immune system.

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What is the role of MHC molecules in the immune response?

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules present antigens on cell surfaces, allowing T cells to recognize and respond to infected or abnormal cells.

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What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

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Humoral immunity involves B cells and the production of antibodies, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cells and the direct killing of infected cells.

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What is an autoimmune disorder?

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An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, leading to tissue damage and disease.