Topic 1.5 Enlightenment Influences on Government

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John Locke: Social Contract Theory

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Individuals possess natural rights (life, liberty, property) in a state of nature. To protect these rights and maintain order, individuals consent to be governed. Government is established to protect rights and ensure justice. If a government fails its obligations or violates citizens' rights, people have the right to revolt and establish a new government.

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John Locke: Natural Rights

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Rights are inherent to individuals and cannot be legitimately violated by any authority. Influenced modern liberal democracy, including the U.S. Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights.

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John Locke: Limited Government

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Advocated for a government with limited powers, constrained by law and the consent of the governed. Government's purpose is to protect individual rights and promote the common good.

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Montesquieu: Separation of Powers

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Governmental authority should be divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Prevents concentration of power and safeguards against tyranny.

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Montesquieu: Checks and Balances

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Each branch of government should have the means to check the powers of the others. Promotes accountability, transparency, and preservation of individual liberties.

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Montesquieu: Rule of Law

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All individuals, including government officials, are subject to impartial laws consistently applied. Ensures predictability, transparency, and fairness in government actions.

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Hobbes: State of Nature

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Humanity in a primal state is characterized by chaos, conflict, and self-interest. Without governing authority, individuals compete for resources, leading to a perpetual state of war.

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Hobbes: Social Contract

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Individuals surrender certain liberties to a sovereign authority (Leviathan) in exchange for protection and security. Centralized government with absolute power is necessary to maintain law and order.

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Hobbes: Leviathan

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Ideal government is a powerful, centralized authority with absolute control. Only through this monopoly on force can society be protected from human nature's destructive tendencies.

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Rousseau: General Will

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Represents the collective interests and aspirations of the community. Legitimate government arises from the general will, reflecting the common good.