single nucleotide change = and results in what

2 alleles for same gene results in different amino acid and resulting protein

the rules for translating a sequence of nucleotides in RNA into the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Redundant Unambiguous Non overlapping with respect to ribosome reading frame Conservative

(repetitive) 3 nucleotides (more than 1 codon) codes for 1 amino acid

Each codon codes for 1 amino acid

Non overlapping with respect to ribosome reading frame

reads in one direction and doesn't stop

(first two bases) all the same except for the 3rd position ex. UCA, UCC, UCU

what is the start codon

AUG (relay info that protein synthesis should start)

what are the stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA (relay info that the protein chain is complete)

mutation that results in the change of one amino acid to another (ex. change from AAC (asn.) to AGC (ser.)) changes resulting amino acid and function

mutation that doesn't result in a change to the protein produced results in same protein unambiguous and redundant

mutation that results in the change of one amino acid to a stop codon (makes shorter protein than normal) problematic results in a stop codon

addition or deletion of a nucleotide somewhere after the start codon which shifts the reading frame of the mRNA results in many changes to resulting protein

To translate, identify the start codon in the mRNA strand

starting with the start codon, translate each codon into its proper amino acid until you get to stop codon

(ribosomal RNA) makes ribosomes made of proteins and nucleic acids

(transfer RNA) RNA molecule moving something moves amino acids

what enzyme catalyzes this process and how does it know where to start

RNA polymerase promoter and terminator

sequence at the beginning of a gene where RNA pol binds and starts transcribing

sequence at the end of a gene that knocks RNA pol off the template

what is mRNA splicing

introns must be removed results in just exons (coding) splicesome carries out splicing introns allow for splicing lysosomes recycle introns

what're the other 2 processing steps for eukaryotic mRNA

adding 5' cap (signal ribosome to bind) adding 3' polyA tail (signal export from nucleus)

During translation, e,p, and a active site bind what

tRNA allows mRNA to communicate with next amino acid

when is tRNA recruited during translation

only recruited if codon and anticodon go together

during translation, what tells a ribosome it is at its end

protein release factor tells it to fall apart because stop codon is there

allele frequency in population

change over time in response to environment

selective breeding of domestic plants and animals humans play the role of the environment with regard to selection ex. diff. dog species

thousands to millions of years of natural selection not human by environment

same genes but look different species share a relationship

different genes that may look the same species aren't related

change over time change in allele frequencies over time timeframe is generations

all of the alleles in a population

mutation can change allele frequency

mutation is the only way for diversity to be added into a popu

the movement of individuals into or out of a population (movement into a pop. can bring new alleles)

random events that affect allele frequency more pronounced in small populations can occur due to natural disasters

the change in allele frequency is not random natural events in the environment cause some alleles to be more favored than others

the ability for an individual to produce viable offspring relative to others of the same species

biology final review Flashcards

Student preview

49 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

How does information get out of the nucleus?

Back

transcription

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Once information is out, how is it used to make a protein?

Back

translation

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

mRNA is moved from the nucleus to cytoplasm by the...

Back

nuclear pore complex (NPC)

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

transcription is facilitated by

Back

protein transcription factors and RNA polymerase

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

RNA pol reads DNA in what direction

Back

3' to 5'

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

DNA pol synthesizes DNA in what direction

Back

5' to 3'

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

During translation, mRNA is read in what direction

Back

5' to 3'

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