Unit 5 Middle East Lesson 1 History of the Middle East

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Sumerian and Akkadian

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Ancient languages and civilizations of Mesopotamia, known for their contributions to writing, law, and architecture.

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Persian Empire

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A major empire in ancient history, known for its significant cultural, political, and military influence across the Middle East and beyond.

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Aramaic

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A Semitic language that was widely spoken in the ancient Near East and served as a lingua franca during various empires.

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Arab

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A member of the Semitic people originally from the Arabian Peninsula, known for their rich cultural and historical contributions.

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Ottoman Empire

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A vast empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th century.

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Caliph

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A religious and political leader in Islam, considered a successor to the Prophet Muhammad.

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Sharia

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Islamic law derived from the Quran and the Hadith, governing aspects of both public and private life.

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Jihad

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An Islamic term referring to the spiritual struggle against sin; often misunderstood as solely meaning 'holy war.'

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Hijab

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A head covering worn in public by some Muslim women as a symbol of modesty and privacy.