Motor Learning and Motor Control

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What is motor learning?

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Motor learning focuses on the processes behind skill acquisition, emphasizing the development and retention of new skills over time.

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What does motor control examine?

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Motor control examines the neural and physiological mechanisms that coordinate movement, focusing on interactions among the brain, nervous system, and musculoskeletal system.

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What are the three historical periods of motor learning and control?

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1. Early Period (1880–1940) 2. Middle Period (1940–1970) 3. Present Period (1970–today)

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What was emphasized in the Early Period of motor learning?

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Research focused on understanding the mind rather than skilled movements, with Thorndike's Law of Effect influencing studies on feedback in motor skill acquisition.

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What key theory emerged during the Middle Period (1940–1970)?

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Franklin Henry's memory drum theory highlighted the role of cognitive activity in motor learning.

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What is Adams' closed-loop theory?

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Adams' closed-loop theory emphasizes feedback in refining movements and updating cognitive presentations of movements.

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What does Schmidt's schema theory propose?

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Schmidt's schema theory proposes generalized motor programs for various actions.

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What is the dynamical systems theory?

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The dynamical systems theory suggests that the neuromuscular system plays a prominent role in the selection of movements and incorporates environmental constraints.

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How has motor learning evolved since 1970?

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Motor learning became a distinct sub-discipline within physical education, moving from applying psychological theories to developing their own models.

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What are some practical applications of motor learning principles?

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Integrating dynamical systems theory into training and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations to enhance assistive technology and virtual reality for skill acquisition and recovery.