Independence Movements - AP World History: Modern

Front

Cuban Independence

Back

C: spanish colonial rule - high taxes on Cubans and lack of political representation, restrictions on trade with other nations (US), social hierarchy with Spanish born on top then Creoles, growth of sugar plantations, US intervention due to economic investment in sugar plantations and humanitarian concerns, USS Maine

E: Platt Amendment which granted US the right to intervene to preserve Cuban independence, Guantanamo Bay naval base, rise of authoritarian leaders

Front

Vietnamese Independence

Back

C: resistance to French colonialism (forced labor & exploitation of resources & suppression of Vietnamese political participation,) US involvement during practice of containment, rise of Ho Chi Minh and Incochinese Communist Party

E: Vietnam War and split of North vs South, reunification after US leaves, communist economy, major world manufacturer

Front

Indian Independence

Back

C: British colonial rule (British East India Company, British Raj) and exploitation of resources (salt) and social discrimination; influence of Gandhi; Indian contributions to both World Wars without political representation, increase in Indian Nationalism

E: Partition of India into India v. Pakistan (then eventually Bangladesh), establishment of Indian democracy

Front

Angolan Independence

Back

• - Cold war proxy conflict

C: Brutal colonial rule by Portugal - forced labor, land expropriation, suppression of Angolan culture and political expression; nationalist movements (MPLA backed by Soviets, UNITA backed by US, and FNLA)

E: Angolan Civil War between MPLA and UNITA until 2002, MPLA one party state until 1990s, hindered economic development leading to reliance on oil and diamonds

Front

Algerian Independence

1962

Back

C: French colonial rule and repression (and integration of Algeria as part of France) starting in 1830, discrimination and marginalization against Algerian Muslim population, promise of self-determination after WWII unfulfilled

E: Exodus of Pieds-Noirs French settlers after independence, division of French society, FLN becomes dominant political force in one party state, Islam recognized as state religion, shift toward decolonization policies in France

Front

Nigerian Independence

Back

C: British colonial rule, rise of Nigerian Nationalism in 20th century, Pan-Africanism emphasizing unity and liberation of African people, Nigerian soldiers fought for Britain in WW2

E: ethnic competition for power between Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo; uneven development across regions