Genetics Assessment - Biology 11

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What is mRNA and its role in protein synthesis?

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mRNA (messenger RNA) is a type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized. It is transcribed from the DNA template and translated into a specific sequence of amino acids.

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What is the process of transcription?

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Transcription is the process by which the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into mRNA. This occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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What is the process of translation?

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Translation is the process by which the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide or protein. This occurs in the ribosome.

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Define phenotype and genotype.

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Phenotype refers to the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, while genotype refers to the genetic constitution of an organism.

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What is a phenotypic ratio?

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A phenotypic ratio is the ratio of different phenotypes that appear in the offspring of a genetic cross.

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What is a gamete?

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A gamete is a reproductive cell (sperm or egg) that contains half the genetic material of an organism, produced through meiosis.

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What is a sister chromatid?

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Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together by a centromere and are formed during DNA replication.

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What is a centromere?

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A centromere is the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined together and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division.

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What is a duplicated chromosome?

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A duplicated chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids connected at the centromere, resulting from DNA replication.

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What is complementary DNA strand?

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A complementary DNA strand is the strand of DNA that pairs with the original strand according to base pairing rules (A-T and C-G).