Consider $$\delta^{18}O = -12 \permil:$$ - sample/reference = 0.988 - Means $$^{18}O$$ is less abundant relative to $$^{16}O$$ in sample than reference

Explanation of $$\delta^{18}O$$ = -12 \permil.

Measuring Paleo-Temperature: Organisms incorporate oxygen and carbon from seawater as they grow.

Oxygen and carbon isotopes in shells depend on seawater temperature and biological processes.

Use of experiments in paleo-temperature measurement.

Experiments are used to calibrate isotopic composition with temperature.

Reconstructing past temperatures.

Past temperatures are reconstructed using seafloor sediment cores.

Example Microscopic Shell and Sediment Core

Visual representation of a microscopic shell and sediment core used in paleo-temperature studies.

Graph showing changes in global mean surface temperature (GMST) and atmospheric CO2 levels over millions of years before present.

The graph illustrates the relationship between global mean surface temperature (GMST) changes and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over time, highlighting significant climate shifts.

Paleotemperature tracks greenhouse gases.

Black line represents temperature from oxygen isotope proxy; blue and orange lines represent greenhouse gases measured in bubbles.

Multiple glacial-interglacial cycles

Occurred in the last 400,000 years.

Graph showing long-term paleoclimate cycles with 41,000-year and 100,000-year cycles, depicting ice volume and temperature changes over the last 1.8 million years.

Multiple glaciations occurred over the last 1.8 million years.

Climate cycles changed approximately 800 to 700 thousand years ago (0.8 to 0.7 million years).

What controls the change in pacing of glacial-interglacial cycles?

Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years.

Milankovitch cycles change the intensity and distribution of solar radiation received by the Earth, affecting climate patterns.

Eccentricity (100,000 years)

Eccentricity refers to the shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, ranging from more circular to more elliptical over a cycle of 100,000 years.

The tilt of the Earth's axis changes between 21.5° and 24.5° over a cycle of 41,000 years, affecting the intensity of seasons.

Precession (23,000 years)

Precession is the wobble in the Earth's axis of rotation, occurring over a cycle of 23,000 years, influencing the timing of seasons.

Milankovitch Cycles: Eccentricity

Eccentricity cycle lasts 100,000 years.

Milankovitch Cycles: Precession

Precession cycle lasts 23,000 years.

Effects of Milankovitch Cycles

Changes in the amount of solar energy at high latitudes.

Impact of Milankovitch Cycles on Snow

Determines whether snow remains during the summer months or melts.

Milankovitch Cycles Diagram

Milankovitch Cycles illustrate variations in solar energy input due to Earth's orbital changes.

Milankovitch Cycles are long-term changes in Earth's climate due to variations in its orbit and tilt, affecting solar radiation distribution.

Glacial periods characteristics

Glacial periods are long, slow declines due to positive feedbacks.

Effect of ice-sheets on albedo

Growing ice-sheets increase albedo, reducing solar absorption.

Role of deep ocean in CO2 storage

The deep ocean stores more CO2 during cool periods, causing a decrease in atmospheric CO2, which keeps temperatures colder.

Switches to interglacial times

Switches to interglacial times are very abrupt due to positive feedbacks such as ice-albedo and CO₂ release.

Melting ice decreases albedo, increasing absorption of heat, contributing to warming.

Role of CO₂ in warming

Warming liberates more CO₂, which causes further warming.

CO₂ concentrations were stable for 800 years until the 1800s.

Graph showing CO₂ concentration and Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly over the last 1,000 years.

Approximately 100 ppm change in CO₂ in less than 100 years, or 1 ppm per year.

Graph showing CO₂ concentration and Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly over the last 1,000 years.

Approximately 0.6°C warming.

Graph showing CO₂ concentration and Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly over the last 1,000 years.

Graph showing CO₂ levels and temperature changes over the last 11,000 years, with a focus on Dome Fuji, Antarctica.

CO₂ increased by 100 ppm over 20,000 years, averaging ~0.005 ppm/year.

Atmospheric CO₂ levels over the past 400,000 years have been reconstructed from ice cores.

The plot shows CO₂ levels over the past 400,000 years from ice cores.

Current atmospheric CO₂ levels compared to historical levels.

Current levels are more than 100 ppm greater than seen in the prior 400,000 years.

Graph showing CO₂ levels over time with historical and current levels marked.

The graph illustrates CO₂ levels over thousands of years, highlighting the highest historical levels and the current increase.

The greenhouse effect involves solar radiation being absorbed and re-emitted by greenhouse gases, warming the Earth's surface and atmosphere.

Greenhouse Gases Contribution

- Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): 60% - Methane (CH₄): 15% - Nitrous Oxide (N₂O): 5% - Ozone (O₃): 8% - Water (H₂O)

Natural transport mechanisms in the carbon cycle.

- Air-sea gas exchange - Photosynthesis & respiration in terrestrial biosphere - Dissolve/bury organic carbon - Carbonate precipitation and weathering

Role of photosynthesis and respiration in the carbon cycle.

Photosynthesis and respiration in the terrestrial biosphere transport 120 Gt of carbon per year.

Diagram illustrating the carbon cycle.

The diagram shows the carbon cycle, highlighting the flux and storage of carbon in the atmosphere, land, and ocean.

Characteristics of the carbon cycle.

The carbon cycle is a dynamic system with positive and negative feedbacks, and storage in the atmosphere is controlled by fluxes in and out.

Fossil fuel burning contributes 5.3 Gt/yr of CO2 to the atmosphere.

CO2 contribution from fossil fuels.

Land-use change, including deforestation and agriculture, adds 1.7 Gt/yr of CO2.

CO2 contribution from land-use change.

Cement production contributes 0.1 Gt/yr of CO2.

CO2 contribution from cement production.

Week 7-8 Pt 2 GEL 001 Flashcards

Student preview

85 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Bubbles in ice trap ancient atmosphere

Back

Bubbles in ice are used to measure CO₂ and methane concentrations.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Oxygen Isotopes in Ice Cores

Back

The ratio of oxygen isotopes in ice is used to determine paleotemperature.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Bubbles of air in ice

Back

Image showing bubbles of air trapped in ice, used for measuring ancient atmospheric conditions.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Ice core extraction

Back

Image depicting the process of extracting an ice core for climate study.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Back

Oxygen's natural isotopes and their abundances.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

^{18}O is heavier than ^{16}O: - Takes more energy to get into water vapor - Rains out of clouds sooner

Back

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Back

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