study past and present human cultures

a firsthand record of a historical event created by an eyewitness who actually experienced the event

a secondhand record of a historical event created by a person who did not actually experience the event

key developments during the Neolithic Age

agriculture and domestication started; switched from a nomadic lifestyle; farming created a food surplus; permanent villages turned into civilizations

change from hunting and gathering to domestication

a complex and highly organized society that includes government, social classes, job specialization, a food surplus, writing, and religious beliefs

Why did the first civilizations develop in river valleys?

the flooding of rivers deposited silt on nearby lands that created fertile soil for farming, people could irrigate their crops with water from nearby rivers, and rivers provided a source of transportation

Where did early river valley civilizations develop?

around the Nile River in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East, the Indus River in India, and the Yellow River and Yangtze River in China

located in Northeastern Africa near the Nile River; developed hieroglyphics and constructed pyramids to bury pharaohs

Mesopotamia (Sumer) (3000-1000 BC)

located in the Middle East near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; developed cuneiform and the Code of Hammurabi

Harrappan Civilization (3000-1000 BC)

located in India near the Indus River; had well-planned and organized urban areas and were very much affected by monsoons

located near the Yellow (Huang He) and Yangtze Rivers; isolated from other civilizations because China is surrounded by natural barriers, such as mountains and deserts

What are some common features of Ancient River Valley Civilizations (3000-1000 BC)?

existed in river valley regions, were polytheistic, had traditional economic systems where they bartered (trade without money), had subsistence agriculture, and people had the same occupation as their parents

subsistence agriculture

farming in which the crops are used to feed the farmer and their family and food is not sold for profit

Greece (1000 BC-500 AD)

located on a peninsula with an irregular coastline in southeastern Europe and very mountainous geography that divided it into many independent city-states with their own government and land; were polytheistic; the Olympic Games were held every 4 years to honor Zeus

Sparta (1000 BC-500 AD)

a military society where men spent almost all of their lives training for warfare and people had very little freedom

Athens (1000 BC-500 AD)

had the first democracy in the world where all citizens (adult males born in Athens) were able to vote on laws; focused heavily on culture and is known for its philosophers and writers

all citizens are able to vote on laws

famous leader who conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and part of India and spread Hellenistic culture (a mix of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures) to all the places he conquered

Rome (1000 BC-500 AD)

located on the Italian peninsula; began as a small city-state but eventually created a large empire that surrounded the Mediterranean Sea; had an extensive road network that allowed them to unite all areas of their empire and grow wealthy through trade; created Twelve Tables of Rome, which were a written set of laws that stated the rules of behavior for members of Roman society, which created stability because they were displayed for the public to see, even though they favored the wealthy; developed important legal ideas we still use today, such as 'innocent until proven guilty'

200-year Golden Age of Rome in which there was extensive trade and great achievements in art, literature, math, and science

India (1000 BC-500 AD)

during the classical period, was ruled by two dynasties- the Maurya Dynasty and the Gupta Dynasty; had a caste system

the social hierarchy in classical India where people were born into a social class and remained there their entire lives; made up of four main castes- the Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaisyas (merchants and artisans), and Sudras (laborers); the lowest group of people were known as the Untouchables and they had the worst jobs; there was no mobility in the caste system so it provided structure to society; it is closely associated with Hinduism

China (1000 BC-500 AD)

during the classical period, ruled by the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty

lasted 15 years; rulers based the government off of legalism

a Chinese philosophy that believes humans are evil and need harsh punishments to keep order in society

lasted 400 years; grew wealthy through trade because of a road system developed throughout the region; created a civil service system where government positions were given to people who passed difficult civil service exams

a long trade route that extended 4000 miles from China in the East to the Mediterranean Sea in the West and connected different classical civilizations and allowed for cultural diffusion

the exchange of goods and ideas between societies

code of behavior for Jews and Christians

belief in reincarnations, karma, and dharma; goal is to achieve Moksha; follows the caste system

the idea that after humans die their souls are reborn into another body

the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

becoming liberated from the cycle of reincarnation

the teachings of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth; believe in reincarnation and karma; goal is to reach nirvana; founded by Siddhartha Gautama; accept the Four Noble Truths and follow the Eightfold Path

a state of perfect peace or enlightenment once the cycle of reincarnation ends

the four basic beliefs that must be accepted and form the foundation for Buddhism- all life involves suffering; desire is the cause of suffering; elimination of desire brings an end to suffering; a disciplined life conducted life brings the elimination of desire.

a code of behavior for Buddhists that requires them to resist evil, act in a kind manner, and meditate, among other things

Global 9 Final Exam Review Flashcards Flashcards

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155 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

social scientists

Back

the people who study the world in which humans live in

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

historians

Back

study written records of past events

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

geographers

Back

study the Earth's surface and its impacts on humans

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

topography

Back

physical land features

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

political maps

Back

show countries, their borders, and capital cities

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

physical maps

Back

show topography

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

economists

Back

study how societies use available resources

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