BIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW

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Variation

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The differences in traits among individuals of the same species, which can be caused by genetic differences, environmental factors, or a combination of both.

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Codominance

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A genetic scenario where two different alleles are expressed simultaneously in a heterozygous individual, resulting in a phenotype that displays both traits equally.

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Food Chain

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A linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another, starting from producers to various levels of consumers.

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Energy Transfer in Food Chains

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Only a small amount of energy (about 10%) is transferred from one trophic level to the next; most energy is used by the organism for metabolic processes or lost as heat.

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Substitution Mutation

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A type of mutation where one base pair in the DNA sequence is replaced by another, potentially altering the resulting protein.

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Natural Selection

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The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, leading to evolutionary changes.

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Homeostasis

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The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions (such as temperature and pH) despite changes in the external environment.

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Extinction

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The permanent loss of a species when the last individual dies, often due to environmental changes, loss of habitat, or competition.

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Producers

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Organisms, such as plants and algae, that produce their own food through photosynthesis and form the base of the food chain.

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Primary Consumers

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Herbivores that eat producers; they are the second level in a food chain.