The thermal decomposition of materials to release combustible gases.

What is flaming combustion?

Rapid gas-phase combustion with visible flame, high heat, and buoyant plume.

What is smouldering combustion?

Slow, surface-level, flameless combustion, often with toxic gas emission.

What are UFL and LFL?

Upper and lower flammability limits—fuel-air concentration ranges that can ignite.

What is an oxidant in fire science?

A chemical, usually oxygen, that supports combustion.

What is auto-ignition temperature?

The lowest temperature at which a substance ignites without a spark or flame

What are common ignition sources?

Sparks, flames, hot surfaces, or electrical faults.

What are the three types of heat transfer in a fire?

Conduction, convection, and radiation.

What is conduction in fire?

The transfer of heat between solid materials. It is usually a slow process. Solids with lower thermal conductivity are insulators: Their surface temperature rises very quickly. Good thermal insulators that are combustible ignite easily. Heat conducted through a brick wall can easily ignite combustibles stored against the wall on the face opposite to the fire face

What is convection in fire?

Heat transfer via rising hot gases or fluids at different temperatures. Is the main way heat spreads from compartment fires. Because of buoyant forces, convection of hot gases usually occurs upward. • Convection is the process whereby fire gases are transported throughout a building and therefore pose risks to occupants far from a fire.

What is radiation in fire?

Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves, especially infrared. Emissive power is the rate at which radiant energy is emitted per unit surface area of the object, and it is a function of its temperature. For hot gases in contact with a solid object, radiative heat transfer is much greater than convective heat transfer when the gas temperature exceeds 200-300°C. In larger fires (fuel diameter larger than 0.5 m), approximately 30% of the heat released is radiated away by soot particles in the flame

What is emissive power (Radiation)

the rate at which radiant energy is emitted per unit surface area of the object, and it is a function of its temperature.

What is a compartment fire?

A fire in an enclosed space with smoke layering, heat buildup, and possible flashover.

general description of the various phenomena that may arise during the development of a typical fire in an enclosure.

After ignition, the fire grows and produces increasing amounts of energy, mostly due to flame spread. 3. An object burning in a room behaves as if it were burning in the open, which means that there is no restriction on the amount of oxygen, hence, a well- ventilated fire. 4. After a short period, however, confinement begins to influence fire development. • At this point, the fire may go out if, for example, the first object burns completely before other combustibles ignite or if sufficient oxygen cannot get into the room to sustain combustion.

general description of the various phenomena that may arise during the development of a typical fire in an enclosure.

Often, however, the fire gets sufficient oxygen through an open door or broken window, and the heating of the other combustibles in the room continues to the point at which they reach their ignition temperatures. 2. The smoke produced by the burning object rises to form a hot gas layer below the ceiling as depicted in the Figure below. 3. Cold gases surround the hot gases in the flame and the hotter, less dense mass will rise upward due to the density difference or buoyancy. 4. The buoyant flow including any flames is called a fire plume. 5. As the hot gases rise, cold air will be entrain into the plume. 6. This mixture of combustion products and air will impinge on the ceiling of the fire compartment and cause a layer of hot gases to be formed. 7. This layer heats the ceiling and upper walls.

What is flashover in compartment fires?

Sudden full-room ignition when the upper layer hits ~500–600°C and radiation exceeds 20 kW/m².

. What is fuel-controlled burning?

Fire growth determined by available fuel when oxygen is abundant.

What is ventilation-controlled burning?

Fire limited by oxygen availability, common in post-flashover conditions.

What are thermoplastics?

Plastics that soften and melt when heated; they can re-solidify and are highly flammable.

Plastics that harden permanently and decompose when heated, forming char and resisting melting.

How do thermoplastics behave in fires?

They melt, drip, and spread fire rapidly due to their non-crosslinked structure.

How do thermosets behave in fires?

They resist melting, form a char layer, and may smoulder but burn more slowly.

What is fuel-controlled burning?

A fire where oxygen is abundant and growth depends on fuel type and amount.

What is ventilation-controlled burning?

A fire where oxygen is limited , and growth depends on air entering the enclosure.

FSM chapter 2

Flashcard

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Other

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Vocational training

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Practice Problem

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Hard

Ryan Lew

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31 questions

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FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

1. What is fire, according to fire science?

Back

A rapid oxidative, exothermic reaction that releases heat and sustains itself.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What are the four components of the fire tetrahedron?

Back

Fuel, heat, oxygen, and chemical chain reaction.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

How can fire be extinguished using the fire tetrahedron concept?

Back

By removing any one of the four components:
1.Removal of Fuel (starvation)

2.Removal of oxygen (smothering)
3. Removal of Heat (cooling)
4. Interference by Removal of Free Radicals (Chemical Chain Reaction)

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

How do vapours burn?

Back

By igniting within flammability limits when mixed with air and exposed to heat.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

How do liquids burn?

Back

They vaporizing first; then the vapour burns if it reaches flash/fire/auto-ignition points.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Explain Flash point, Fire point and Auto Ignition Point

Back

Flash Point: The lowest temperature at which a substance gives off vapour that can ignite briefly.
Fire Point: The temperature slightly above the flash point at which vapours burn sustainably after ignition.
Auto Ignition Point: The lowest temperature at which a substance spontaneously ignites without any external flame or spark.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

How do solids burn?

Back

Via pyrolysis—thermal decomposition that releases vapours for flaming or smouldering combustion.

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