The largest artery in the body.

Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

Part of the brain that controls breathing and heart rate.

A neurotransmitter that affects mood.

A neurotransmitter that affects muscle movement.

Neurotransmitters that reduce pain.

A neurotransmitter that affects mood and movement.

Part of the brain that controls coordination.

The largest part of the brain. Controls your senses.

Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for action.

Structures of the heart

The heart is composed of four chambers: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. - **Atria (Right and Left):** Receive blood returning to the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. - **Ventricles (Right and Left):** Pump blood away from the heart. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. - **Valves:** Prevent backflow of blood. The atrioventricular valves (tricuspid on the right, mitral/bicuspid on the left) are located between the atria and ventricles. The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) are located at the exit of the ventricles. - **Major Blood Vessels:** The superior and inferior vena cavae bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body. - **Myocardium:** The muscular wall of the heart, responsible for contraction. - **Pericardium:** A double-layered sac surrounding the heart, providing protection and reducing friction.

Lower Respiratory Tract

- **Trachea (Windpipe):** Transports air to the lungs. - **Bronchi:** Two main branches of the trachea that enter the lungs. - **Bronchioles:** Smaller branches of the bronchi within the lungs. - **Alveoli:** Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. - **Lungs:** Main organs of respiration, containing the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

Expiration (Exhalation)

The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This increases the pressure within the lungs, causing air to flow out.

Autonomic Nervous System

Controls involuntary functions of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Describe the structure and function of a reflex arc

A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. It typically includes the following components:

Interneuron (in most reflex arcs)

Relays the signal between the sensory and motor neurons within the spinal cord.

Functions of the spinal cord

**Spinal Cord:** - **Function:** Transmits sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body. Also mediates reflexes. - **Structures:** Central canal, gray matter (containing neuron cell bodies), white matter (containing myelinated axons), dorsal and ventral horns.

Biology and Anatomy Flashcards Flashcards

Student preview

30 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Negative Feedback Loop

Back

A system that reduces change. Like sweating to get cooler

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Chemical Digestion

Back

Chemical breakdown of food.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Stomach

Back

An organ that digests food.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Pancreas

Back

An organ that produces digestive enzymes.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Rectum

Back

The last part of the large intestine, stores feces before elimination

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Trypsin

Back

An enzyme that breaks down proteins.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Lipase

Back

An enzyme that breaks down fats.

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