What are rods and cones?

Rods are photoreceptors for achromatic vision, while cones are for chromatic vision, allowing visualization of the entire spectrum.

What is visual transduction?

The process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the retina.

A visual pigment composed of a protein associated with a chromophore.

What is the role of calcium in darkness for photoreceptors?

Calcium inhibits rhodopsin kinase and guanylyl-cyclase activity, reducing sensitivity of channels to cGMP.

What is the ON/OFF concept in visual processing?

It describes how ganglion cells respond to light; ON cells increase firing rate, while OFF cells decrease firing rate.

What is the function of the LGN?

The lateral geniculate nucleus relays conscious visual information to the primary visual cortex.

What are P and M ganglion cells?

P cells project to parvocellular regions and are responsible for color processing, while M cells project to magnocellular regions and are sensitive to movement.

What is the pupillary reflex pathway?

Light intensity information is processed in the pretectum, sent to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and then to the iris smooth muscle.

A condition caused by aging that reduces the ability of the crystalline lens to accommodate.

What are saccadic movements?

Quick eye movements that scan the visual scene to create a visual map.

What is the dorsal pathway in visual processing?

It is involved in movement, spatial recognition, and object localization.

What is the ventral pathway in visual processing?

It is responsible for object and face recognition.

A condition where lesions in the primary visual cortex block conscious perception of images but not other responses.

What is the significance of top-down regulation in visual processing?

It affects the electrophysiological response of V1 neurons based on the relevance of information for task solving.

A perception of movement based on the change in position of the image on the retina.

What is the role of binocular vision in depth perception?

It allows comparison of images from each eye to determine distance.

What is the function of the pigmented epithelium in the eye?

It absorbs light and participates in the conversion of all-trans retinal to 11-cis retinal.

What is the role of the sodium/potassium exchanger in photoreceptors?

It maintains ion concentration equilibrium during depolarization and hyperpolarization.

What is the significance of the optic chiasm?

It is where signals from the nasal hemiretina cross to the contralateral pathway.

What are the morphological differences between rods and cones?

Rods are long with regular plasma membranes and cytoplasmic discs, while cones have membrane invaginations for light transduction.

What is the role of the visual cortex?

It processes visual information and is organized in functional columns for different aspects of vision.

What is the function of blobs in the visual cortex?

They are columns for processing color information.

What is the difference between simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells in the visual cortex?

Simple cells respond to specific lines, complex cells respond to lines regardless of location, and hypercomplex cells respond to lines of a particular size.

What is the role of the amacrine cells in the retina?

They are involved in the processing of visual signals and contribute to the ON/OFF response.

What is the significance of the intercalated cells in the LGN?

They are involved in processing visual information from ganglion cells.

What is the role of the superior colliculus in visual processing?

It is involved in the accommodation reflex pathway and eye movements.

What is the function of the visual cortex layer IV?

It is divided into IVα and IVβ, receiving input from M and P cells respectively.

What is the role of the ganglion cells in the retina?

They transmit visual information from the photoreceptors to the brain.

What is the significance of the visual processing becoming progressively more complex?

It allows for advanced object and color identification independent of background luminosity.

What is the role of the optic nerve?

It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

What is the function of the visual processing pathways in primates?

They allow for complex visual perception, including movement and object recognition.

What is the role of the visual cortex in blind individuals?

Braille reading can stimulate visual areas in blind people, indicating plasticity in the visual cortex.

What is the importance of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

It is involved in the pupillary constriction reflex and accommodation reflex.

What is the role of the vestibular system in eye movements?

It mediates vestibulo-ocular movements to keep images fixated during head movements.

What is the significance of the chromophore in visual pigments?

It is the molecule that interacts with light, crucial for visual transduction.

What is the role of the ganglion cells in the ON/OFF response?

They determine whether the response to light is an increase (ON) or decrease (OFF) in firing rate.

What is the function of the cGMP-gated channels in photoreceptors?

They are involved in the depolarization and hyperpolarization processes in response to light.

What is the significance of the visual cortex's organization in columns?

It allows for specialized processing of different visual attributes such as color and motion.

What is the role of the primary visual cortex (V1)?

It is responsible for the initial processing of visual information before it is relayed to higher cortical areas.

What is the function of the horizontal cells in the retina?

They help integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptors.

What is the role of the amacrine cells in the ON/OFF response?

They modulate the signals between bipolar cells and ganglion cells, contributing to the ON/OFF response.

What is the significance of the visual processing pathways in the brain?

They allow for the integration of visual information for perception and action.

What is the role of the visual cortex in motion perception?

It processes information related to the movement of objects and the perception of motion.

What is the importance of the LGN layers in visual processing?

Each layer processes information from a single eye, contributing to depth perception and binocular vision.

Vision and Visual Processing Flashcards

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122 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the visible light spectrum?

Back

The range of electromagnetic wavelengths that humans can interact with.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What are carotenes?

Back

Molecules that possess conjugated double bonds and interact with light.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the function of the fovea?

Back

It provides maximal visual acuity.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is dioptric power?

Back

The measure of the refractive power of the eye, measured in diopters.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is myopia?

Back

A condition where the focal distance is too short, causing images to form before the retina.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is hypermetropia?

Back

A condition where the focal distance is too long, causing images to form after the retina.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What happens to the crystalline lens during accommodation?

Back

It becomes convex due to ligament relaxation.

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