Decision Making and Organizational Culture

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What are programmed and unprogrammed decisions?

Back

Programmed decisions: Routine, automatic decisions. Unprogrammed decisions: Unique, non-routine requiring problem solving.

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Define strategic, operational, and tactical decisions.

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Strategic: Long-term, overall direction decisions. Operational: Day-to-day execution decisions. Tactical: Middle-level decisions to implement strategies.

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Who makes strategic decisions? Operational decisions? Tactical decisions?

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Strategic: Top management. Operational: Lower-level employees. Tactical: Mid-level managers.

Front

What are creative decision-making model, the bounded rationality model, intuitive decision-making model, and the rational decision-making model?

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Creative: Steps include problem identification, immersion, incubation, illumination, and verification. Bounded rationality: Limited by time and cognitive ability; satisficing instead of maximizing. Intuitive: Based on instincts and experience without conscious reasoning. Rational: Logical step-by-step process to maximize outcomes.

Front

Define anchoring and adjustment bias, availability bias, confirmation bias, escalation of commitment bias, overconfidence bias, and anchoring and adjustment bias.

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Anchoring and adjustment bias: Relying heavily on the first piece of information. Availability bias: Emphasizing information that is most readily available. Confirmation bias: Seeking information that confirms existing beliefs. Escalation of commitment: Continuing a failing course of action. Overconfidence bias: Overestimating one's own abilities or information.

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What are the advantages of individual decision making and group decision making?

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Individual: Faster, clear accountability, best for simple decisions. Group: More diversity, more ideas, better for complex problems.

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What are the Big 5 Personality traits? Know the definitions.

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Openness: Creative, curious. Conscientiousness: Organized, dependable. Extraversion: Outgoing, energetic. Agreeableness: Cooperative, compassionate. Neuroticism: Emotionally unstable, anxious.

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What are self-esteem and integrity?

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Self-esteem: Belief in one’s self-worth. Integrity: Acting with honesty and strong moral principles.

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What are autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire decision making?

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Autocratic: Leader makes decisions alone. Democratic: Input from group members. Laissez-faire: Leader gives freedom to team.

Front

What are directive, supportive, participative, and results oriented leadership styles?

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Directive: Gives clear instructions, expectations. Supportive: Shows concern, supports needs. Participative: Involves employees in decisions. Results-oriented: Focuses on performance and outcomes.