Educational Models and Group Development

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Bruce Tuckman's stages of group development

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Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning

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Educational implications of Tuckman's model

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Groups move through predictable stages; each stage requires different support and leadership styles.

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Application of Tuckman's model in schools

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Teachers can scaffold group work by facilitating introductions, mediating disputes, encouraging collaboration, and guiding pupils towards task completion.

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Kurt Lewin's change model stages

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Unfreeze, Change, Refreeze

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Educational implications of Lewin's model

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Change is a process; readiness and consolidation are key for lasting improvement.

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Application of Lewin's model in schools

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Teachers can prepare pupils for change, guide them through new behaviours, and reinforce positive group norms.

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William Schutz's key concepts

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Inclusion, Control, Affection

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Educational implications of Schutz's model

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Group effectiveness depends on meeting interpersonal needs at each stage; unresolved needs can hinder progress.

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Application of Schutz's model in schools

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Teachers can monitor group dynamics for signs of exclusion or power struggles, fostering inclusion and encouraging positive relationships.

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Susan Wheelan's stages of group development

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Dependency & Inclusion, Counter-dependency & Fight, Trust/Structure, Work/Productivity, Termination