Fathers and Proponent

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Father of Modern Science

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Galileo Galilei – Improved the telescope; established laws of motion; championed heliocentrism

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Father of the Scientific Method

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Francis Bacon – Developed inductive reasoning and empirical approach to science

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Father of Natural Philosophy

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Aristotle – Early classification of living organisms; foundations of logic and observation-based science

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Father of Modern Chemistry

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Antoine Lavoisier – Formulated the Law of Conservation of Mass; named oxygen and hydrogen

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Father of Atomic Theory

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John Dalton – Proposed that matter is made up of indivisible atoms with distinct weights

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Father of the Periodic Table

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Dmitri Mendeleev – Created the periodic table and predicted properties of undiscovered elements

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Father of Physical Chemistry

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Wilhelm Ostwald – Worked on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction rates

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Father of Organic Chemistry

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Friedrich Wöhler – Synthesized urea, disproving the theory of vitalism

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Father of Biology

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Aristotle – Classified animals; dissected marine organisms; early contributions to zoology

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Father of Modern Biology

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Charles Darwin – Developed the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection