Temporary deposition of sand and shingle along the coastline. Without its beach, a coast is vulnerable to erosion.

The loss of beach material, e.g., by offshore dredging of shingle banks.

The addition of new material to a beach, either naturally or artificially.

Biological Weathering

The breakdown of rock through the actions of plants and animals.

Offshore coastal defense structures built of stone, parallel to the coastline; they help absorb the energy of breaking waves.

Found on coasts formed of resistant rock. Corrasion, corrosion, and hydraulic action widen weaknesses within the rock to form a cave.

The decomposition of rock caused by a chemical change within the rock; seawater causes chemical weathering of cliffs.

Hard, resistant rocks form steep cliffs, while soft rocks such as clay create low, gentle cliffs.

Steep cliffs made of hard, resistant rock collapse when there is a loss of supporting rock underneath caused by wave attack.

Found on low-angled beaches and mainly responsible for coastal deposition. They break gently, with a much stronger swash than backwash.

Found on steep beaches, they are steeply breaking and mainly responsible for coastal erosion. Their backwash is much stronger than their swash.

Excavating sand and shingle from the seabed; this can contribute to coastal erosion.

The wearing away of land by rivers, ice sheets, waves, and wind.

The tidal mouth of a river where it meets the sea; wide banks of deposited mud are exposed at low tide.

A large crack in rock caused by earthquake movements.

The maximum distance over water that wind can blow, generating large storm waves.

A long, narrow, steep-sided inlet formed by glaciers and later drowned by a rise in sea level.

Freeze-Thaw Weathering

Occurs in cold climates when water enters cracks during the day and freezes at night, causing the rock to break off.

Steel wire mesh filled with boulders, used in coastal defences.

A wooden barrier built out into the sea to stop the longshore drift of sand and shingle, causing the beach to grow.

Areas of land that protrude out to sea, formed of resistant rock, and protect the bay from wave attack.

The process by which breaking waves compress pockets of air in cracks in a cliff, causing the cracks to widen.

A rock that does not allow water to pass through it, e.g., clay.

Small cracks in layers of rock created during earth movements.

A former bay cut off from the sea by a bar.

Areas of land that were once below sea level, either blocked off by dykes or raised by dumping material.

Waves approaching the coast at an angle result in the gradual, zigzag movement of beach materials along the coast.

Allowing cliff erosion to occur naturally creates natural environments and saves money.

The downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity, which varies in speed.

Occur after heavy rain, when loose surface material becomes saturated and moves rapidly downhill.

An undercut part of a cliff base where wave attack concentrates erosion.

Allows water to percolate or pass through it, e.g., limestone, sandstone, and chalk.

The disintegration of rock into smaller pieces without any chemical changes, e.g., freeze-thaw.

The direction from which the wind usually blows.

Structures that allow seawater and sediment to pass through, absorbing wave energy and protecting the cliff.

Large boulders are dumped on the beach as part of coastal defences.

Loose surface material after heavy rain can become saturated and unstable, leading to mudslides.

Changes in the level of the sea relative to the land, caused by polar ice caps melting or changes in land elevation.

Measures taken to defend the coast from erosion, cliff collapse, and flooding.

Aim to prevent erosion of the coast by providing a barrier that reflects wave energy.

Material originating from the weathering and erosion of rock, e.g., shingle and sand.

The slowest of downhill movements, occurring on gentle slopes, resulting in step-like terracettes.

Coastal Geography Terms (0460) Flashcards

Student preview

61 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Abrasion

Back

The wearing away of cliffs by sediment flung by breaking waves. See corrasion.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Arch

Back

Wave-eroded passage through a small headland, beginning as a cave and gradually widening and deepening until it cuts through.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Aspect

Back

The direction a cliff faces. Facing the direction of the prevailing wind can lead to high rates of cliff erosion.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Attrition

Back

Erosion caused when rocks and boulders transported by waves bump into each other and break into smaller pieces.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Backwash

Back

The return of water to the sea after waves break on a beach.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Bar

Back

When a spit grows across a bay, eventually enclosing the bay to create a lagoon.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Bays

Back

Found between headlands, where there are alternating outcrops of resistant and less resistant rock. Waves erode the softer rock to form bays.

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