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Types of Plate Movements

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Divergent plates move apart, convergent plates collide, and transform plates slide past each other.

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Focus and Epicentre

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The focus is the point inside the Earth's crust where an earthquake originates, and the epicentre is directly above it on the Earth's surface.

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Volcanoes and Magma

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A volcano is a vent in the Earth's crust where molten rock flows. Magma is molten rock below the crust, and lava is molten rock that erupts onto the surface.

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Types of Seismic Waves

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Primary waves push and pull through rock and fluids, secondary waves move only through rock, and surface waves cause the most damage.

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Volcano Formation

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Volcanoes form along convergent and divergent plate boundaries and hot spots. Magma rises through cracks in the crust to form volcanoes.

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Types of Volcanoes

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Shield volcanoes have gentle slopes, cinder cones are steep-sided, and composite volcanoes are steep-sided and cone-shaped.

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Volcano

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The amount of dissolved gases in magma contributes to how explosive a volcano can be.

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Ash Fall

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In an explosive eruption, volcanoes can erupt large volumes of volcanic ash, known as ash fall.

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Pyroclastic Flow

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A fast-moving avalanche of hot gas, ash, and rock that occurs after an explosive volcanic eruption.

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Tsunami Causes

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Tsunamis are caused by a movement of large amounts of energy, commonly triggered by underwater volcanoes, landslides, or earthquakes on the ocean floor.