Volcanoes and Earth's Surface

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Volcano Noun

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[vol-kay-no]

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Volcano

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A structure in Earth's crust where molten material, or magma, erupts onto the surface from the mantle below.

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Example: This diagram shows how magma erupts from a volcano, with labels for ash cloud, crater, and lava flow.

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Magma Noun

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[mag-muh]

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Magma

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A molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water that originates from Earth's mantle beneath the crust.

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Example: A cross-section of Earth showing magma beneath the crust, illustrating its molten state and flow.

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Lava Noun

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[lah-vuh]

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Lava

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Molten rock, or magma, that has erupted from a volcano and reached the surface of the Earth.

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Example: This image shows lava flowing from a volcano, demonstrating how molten rock erupts and reaches the Earth's surface.

Front

Hot Spot Noun

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[hot spot]

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Hot Spot

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An area in the mantle from which heat rises, creating volcanic activity on the surface independent of plate boundaries.

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Example: Magma rises from a hot spot in the mantle, forming a volcano on the Earth's surface.

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Extinct Volcano Noun

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[ik-stingkt vol-kay-no]

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Extinct Volcano

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A volcano that is no longer active and is considered highly unlikely to ever erupt again in the future.

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Example: The image shows an extinct volcano crater, indicating it is no longer active.

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Dormant Volcano Noun

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[dor-ment vol-kay-no]

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Dormant Volcano

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An active volcano that is not currently erupting but has the potential to become active again in the future.

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Example: A dormant volcano covered in snow, showing it is not currently erupting.

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Active Volcano Noun

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[ak-tiv vol-kay-no]

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Active Volcano

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A volcano that is currently erupting or has erupted recently and is expected to erupt again soon.

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Example: This diagram shows an active volcano with magma rising through a conduit and erupting as lava and ash.

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Subduction Noun

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[sub-duk-shun]

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Subduction

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The geological process at convergent boundaries where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the mantle.

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Example: The diagram shows one tectonic plate moving under another, illustrating subduction.

Front

Magma Chamber Noun

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[mag-muh chaym-ber]

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Magma Chamber

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A large underground reservoir of molten rock, or magma, located beneath a volcano before an eruption occurs.

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Example: The image shows a magma chamber beneath the Earth's surface, illustrating how molten rock is stored before a volcanic eruption.

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Vent Noun

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[vent]

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Vent

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An opening in the Earth's crust, typically within a volcano, through which molten rock and gas escape.

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Example: The image shows a volcano with a vent, where magma and gases escape from the Earth's crust.