U6: Gene Expression

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Genome

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The complete set of genetic material in an organism.

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DNA

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The molecule that carries genetic instructions for living organisms.

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Gene

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A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.

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Chromosome

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A structure made of tightly coiled DNA found in the nucleus of cells.

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Nucleotide

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The building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

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Chargaff’s Rule

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The principle that DNA has equal amounts of adenine (A) and thymine (T), and equal amounts of cytosine (C) and guanine (G).

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Codon

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A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

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Transcription

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The process of copying a segment of DNA into mRNA.

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tRNA (transfer RNA)

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The RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

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mRNA (messenger RNA)

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The RNA copy of a gene that carries instructions from DNA to the ribosome.