Child Development Theories

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Maturational Theory

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Arnold Gesell (1880–1961) believed that physical and intellectual development was determined by heredity and biological maturation. His theory established many of the age norms and ideas about 'readiness.'

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Psychoanalytic Theory

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Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) believed personality (and mental health) was determined by how children coped with their physical drives. His theory was used primarily by psychiatrists.

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Psychosocial Theory

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Erik Erikson (1902–1994) was concerned about conflicts that occur between a child’s needs and social demands. He believed that people who can cope with each conflict develop a healthy personality.

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Learning Theory

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Several theorists, including B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura, focused on how the environments affect observable behaviors. Learning theories are mainly used in behavior modification or intervention methods for children.

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Cognitive-developmental Theory

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Jean Piaget (1896–1980) believed children think differently at different ages and construct their knowledge through experiences. His theory changed child development.

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Sociocultural Theory

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Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) believed that much knowledge is a social construction taught by people of one’s culture, contrasting with Piaget's view.

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Ecological Systems Theory

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Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) noted that children’s development is influenced by heredity and their environment, including family, friends, and culture.