A single parent and offspring have the same traits. Ex. binary fission, spore formation

Two parents and offspring contains DNA from both parents

What biotic factors affect living things?

predators pathogens (germs, diseases) parasites availability of prey

What abiotic factors affect living things?

Climate Temperature Limited space for population Soil Water pH

What is the cell theory?

All living things are composed of cells which come from preexisting cells.

What evidence supports the cell theory?

All living things are made up of cells. Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek's work

What did Robert Hooke do in 1665?

Used a compound microscope to term the word "cells" while looking at a cork plant. He drew the cells that he saw.

What did Leeuwenhoek do in 1673-1723?

Described live microorganisms observed in teeth scrapings and pond water using a single-lens microscope.

Cells arise from cells Spontaneous generation vs. Biogenesis

Spontaneous generation- living organisms arise from nonliving matter. A vital force forms life. Biogenesis- living organisms arise from pre-existing life (other living things) State by Rudolf Virchow in 1858

What settled the debate?

A series of important experiments.

#1 1668 Francesco Redi Placed decaying meat in 9 jars. Supported biogenesis.

CONDITIONS * 3 jars sealed *3 jars open *3 jars were covered in gauze RESULTS * 3 sealed jars= no maggots * 3 open jars=maggots *3 gauze covered jars= no maggots CONCLUSION: Maggots form when flies come in contact with meat. The meat did not produce maggots.

#2 1745 John Needham Observed microbial growth in broth. Supported spontaneous generation.

CONDITIONS * Nutrient broth was boiled to kill organisms. *Broth was transferred into OPEN flasks. RESULTS *Needham observed microbial growth in the broth. CONCLUSION Microorganisms were created from the broth.

#3 1767 Lazzaro Spallanzani Repeated Needham's experiment with changes. Supported biogenesis.

CONDITIONS * Boiled broth to kill organisms * Transferred broth to 2 flasks * 1 remained open *1 was sealed RESULTS *open flask= microbial growth * sealed flask= no growth CONCLUSION The microorganisms in the open flask are offspring of microorganisms in the air that entered the open flask.

#4 1861-1862 Louis Pasteur Settles the debate. Supported biogenesis.

CONDITIONS * Boils broth in a flask with a long, curved neck *Allows flask to sit for a YEAR! * After a year, Pasteur breaks off the neck of the flask and allows it to sit for a few hours. RESULTS *After 1 year with flask neck= no growth * After a few hours with no neck= microbial growth CONCLUSION Microorganisms were unable to survive traveling down the long, curved neck and as long as the broth was protected, no living things would grow.

Factors within an experiment that must remain CONSTANT. Does not change for all test subjects.

Manipulated or Independent variable

Variable changed by the scientist. There can be only ONE!!

Responding/Dependent variable

Variable that changes because of the manipulated variable. Usually, it is what is being measured.

Group in an experiment that does NOT receive the manipulated variable. It stays the same.

Group in an experiment that receives the manipulated variable.

Controlled experiment

Only one variable is changed at a time.

Has 1 lens Used by Van Leeuwenhoek.

First made in 1595 by Hans and Zacharias Janssen. 2 lenses. One at the top and one at the bottom. Poor quality and low power.

Compound Light Microscope

* Most commonly used. *Light passes through the specimen *2 lenses form the image *The image from the objective lens is magnified by the ocular lens. Total magnification = ocular X objective lens *light limits resolution *Used for living cells.

the ability of lenses to distinguish 2 points due to longer wavelengths (2000x).

Uses electrons instead of light Electrons have a shorter wavelength (therefore has a better resolution) Better the resolution, the finer the detail.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

Ultra thin sections of specimens used. Electrons pass through the specimen and then to an electromagnetic lens to a screen or film. Internal chamber is a vacuum. Samples must be preserved and dehydrated. Specimen sprayed with a gold mist. Great for examining viruses and internal cell structures. 10,000-100,000x (5,000,000 max) Resolution 2.5 nm

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

An electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans the surface of a whole specimen. Specimens are also in a vacuum and sprayed with gold. 100-10,000x (300,000x max) Resolution 20nm Great for examining surface features Incredible 3D images.

Scanned-Probe Microscopy

A scanning, tunneling microscope uses a metal probe to scan the surface of a specimen. Produces an image that reveals ridges and depressions on individual ATOMS!! Resolution 1/100 of an atom Most powerful microscope on Earth:)

Biology Introduction Flashcards

Student preview

37 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Characteristics of life

Back

1. Contain carbon as base element
2. Contain DNA
3. Require energy to keep cells alive
4. Remove waste products
5. Exhibits stimulus-response reactions
6. Reproduction- carries life from one generation to the next
7. Exhibits life span
8. Affected by biotic and abiotic factors

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Carbon is what makes life_________.

Back

organic

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

DNA is a molecule that controls________ and _________.

Back

inheritance patterns

and

cell functions

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

DNA is found in cellular structures called_________.

Back

chromosomes

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the term for removing waste products?

Back

excretion

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Homeostasis

Back

Keeping internal environment the same despite external changes.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

A series or pattern of responses.

Back

behavior

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