Order of Draw for blood collection.

Yellow, Light Blue, Red, Gold, Green, Lavender, Gray

Nursing KAMP logo from thenursesnotes.com

Electrolytes in body fluids

Electrolytes are active chemicals in body fluids, consisting of cations with positive charges and anions with negative charges.

Fluid movement through capillary walls

The movement of fluid through the capillary wall into tissues depends on two primary forces known as Starling forces.

Diagram of total body water distribution

The diagram illustrates the distribution of total body water, showing intracellular and extracellular water percentages, and details on interstitial and plasma water.

The movement of water caused by a concentration gradient.

The ability of all the solutes to cause an osmotic driving force that promotes water movement from one compartment to another.

Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

The natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries tends to filter fluid out of the intravascular compartment into the interstitial fluid. Movement of water and solutes occurs from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure.

Sodium–potassium pump

Active transport moves sodium from the cell into the extracellular fluid (ECF). Conversely, the high intracellular potassium concentration is maintained by pumping potassium into the cell.

Components involved in osmosis

Protein, Na, glucose, and highly osmotic fluids

Osmosis is like a sponge, absorbing fluids from areas of low to high solute concentration

Causes red blood cells to shrink as water moves out of the cell.

Red blood cells maintain their normal shape as water movement is balanced.

Causes red blood cells to swell and potentially burst as water moves into the cell.

Lungs: Water vapor elimination rate

The lungs normally eliminate water vapor at a rate of approximately 400 mL every day. This loss increases with a higher respiratory rate or in a dry climate.

Kidneys: Usual daily urine volume

The usual daily urine volume in an adult is 1.5 L. The output is approximately 0.5 to 1 mL of urine per kilogram of body weight per hour, with boundaries of 0.5 to 2 mL/kg/hr.

Gastrointestinal tract: Daily fluid loss

The usual loss through the gastrointestinal tract is only 100 mL daily, despite approximately 8 L of fluid circulating through the GI system every 24 hours.

The concentration of fluid that affects the movement of water between fluid compartments by osmosis. Measured in milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L).

Urine Specific Gravity

Normal range is 1.010 to 1.025.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Normal range is 6 to 20 mg/dL (2.1 to 7.2 mmol/L).

Normal range is 0.6 to 1.3 mg/dL (53 to 124 mmol/L).

Normal range is 42% to 52% for males and 36% to 48% for females.

Normal urine sodium levels range from 40 to 220 mEq every 24 hours (40 to 220 mmol/day).

Laboratory tests for evaluating fluid status

Laboratory tests are used to evaluate fluid status, including osmolality, urine specific gravity, BUN, creatinine, hematocrit, and urine sodium.

Basics of Hydration: Using Hgb & Hct as a guide to hydration status.

Illustration showing the relationship between hydration status and levels of Hgb & Hct, with characters representing fluid volume deficit (dehydration) and fluid volume excess (overhydration).

Fluid and electrolyte balance

A dynamic process crucial for life and homeostasis.

Disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance

Occur in every setting, with nearly every disorder, affecting both healthy and ill individuals.

Blood's acid-base balance

Precisely controlled; deviations from pH 7.35 to 7.45 can cause severe effects.

Role of nurses in interpreting ABGs

Nurses need to competently interpret arterial blood gases (ABGs).

Blood pH Levels Diagram

Illustrates the range of blood pH levels from acidosis to alkalosis and their effects.

Kidney functions are vital to the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance.

Kidney failure results in multiple fluid and electrolyte abnormalities.

Kidney function declines with age.

Failure of heart and blood vessel pumping action interferes with renal perfusion and water and electrolyte regulation.

Pituitary functions related to ADH

The hypothalamus manufactures ADH, which maintains osmotic pressure in cells.

Adrenal functions of aldosterone

Aldosterone is secreted by the outer adrenal cortex and has a profound effect on fluid balance. Increased secretion causes sodium retention (and water retention) and potassium loss.

Effects of cortisol on fluid retention

Cortisol, when secreted in large quantities or administered as corticosteroid therapy, can produce sodium and fluid retention.

Flowchart illustrating the regulation of blood volume and serum osmolality.

The diagram shows the process of how blood volume and serum osmolality are regulated through mechanisms involving ADH production, thirst and water intake, and kidney function. It highlights the stimulation and inhibition pathways that lead to changes in urine concentration and blood pressure.

Diagram illustrating the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

The diagram shows the process of how low blood pressure triggers the release of renin, leading to the production of angiotensin I and II, which causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure through sodium and water retention.

Effects of stress on fluid and electrolyte balance

Stress affects fluid and electrolyte balance by influencing hormone secretion. The hypothalamus triggers the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH, leading to increased aldosterone and cortisol from the adrenal cortex. The posterior pituitary releases ADH, affecting kidney function, increasing water reabsorption, sodium reabsorption, and potassium excretion.

Parathyroid functions

Regulate calcium and phosphate balance by means of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH influences bone resorption, calcium absorption from the intestines, and calcium reabsorption from the renal tubules.

Chapter 3 Fluid and Electrolyte and Acid–Base Imbalances Flashcards

Student preview

99 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Basic Metabolic Profile (BMP) - Chem-7 includes Na, Cl, BUN, K, CO2, Cr, and Glu.

Back

Na: 135-145, Cl: 95-105, BUN: 7-24, K: 3.5-5.1, CO2: 22-28, Cr: 0.7-1.4, Glu: 60-120

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Complete Blood Count (CBC) includes WBC, HGB, HCT, and Plt.

Back

WBC: 4-10, HGB: 14-16 m, 12-14 f, HCT: 36-50, Plt: 145-450

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Renal Diagram includes Ca, Mg, and Phos.

Back

Ca: 6-8-10, Mg: 1.5-2.5, Phos: 3.5-4.5

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Coagulation Fishbone includes Pt, INR, and Ptt.

Back

Pt: 10-13, INR: 1-2, Ptt: 30-45

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Liver Diagram includes Ammonia, Albumin, Conj Bili, AST, Total Bili, ALT, APhos, Amylase, and Lipase.

Back

Ammonia: 10-50, Albumin: 3.4-5.6, Conj Bili: 0.1-0.4, AST: 10-40, Total Bili: 0.3-1.1, ALT: 10-50, APhos: 20-120, Amylase: 20-160, Lipase: 20-160

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Cardiac Diagram includes cRP, Troponin, CK-MB, and CK-Total.

Back

cRP: <3, Troponin: <0.4, CK-MB: <5, CK-Total: <50

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Arterial Blood Gas includes PH, PCO2, and HCO3.

Back

PH: 7.35-7.45, PCO2: 35-45, HCO3: 22-28

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