APES 4.1 Soil formation, Erosion and Its Properties

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Igneous rock

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Rock formed directly from magma.

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Sedimentary rock

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Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments.

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Metamorphic rock

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Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure.

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Rock cycle

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The geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion, among other processes.

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Physical weathering

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The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals.

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Chemical weathering

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The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both these processes.

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Acid precipitation

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Precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Also known as Acid rain.

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Erosion

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The physical removal of rock fragments or soil from a landscape or ecosystem.

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Parent material

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The underlying rock material from which the inorganic components of soil are derived.

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Horizon

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A horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as color and texture.