Argumentation and Critical Thinking Flashcard

Front

What is the primary purpose of an argument, as defined in the text?

Back

To engage in a dynamic exchange aimed at reaching a shared understanding or persuading others

Answer explanation

The primary purpose of an argument is to engage in a dynamic exchange aimed at reaching a shared understanding or persuading others, rather than simply presenting unopposed claims or personal opinions.

Front

Which of the following best describes a 'claim' in the context of argumentation? A subjective opinion that lacks the element of debate, A fact that is universally accepted and requires no further discussion, A statement expressing a belief or stance that is debatable and can be supported or opposed, A statement of personal preference that does not invite disagreement

Back

A statement expressing a belief or stance that is debatable and can be supported or opposed

Answer explanation

A 'claim' in argumentation is a debatable statement expressing a belief or stance, which can be supported or opposed. This distinguishes it from opinions or facts that do not invite discussion.

Front

What role do 'reasons' play in supporting claims within an argument?

Back

They transform a simple assertion into a defendable point by providing a logical bridge to evidence.

Answer explanation

'Reasons' are crucial as they turn a simple assertion into a defendable point by linking the claim to supporting evidence, enhancing the argument's strength and credibility.

Front

According to the text, which question is most effective for evaluating the strength of a reason supporting a claim? Options: When did you first believe this?, What is your favorite color?, How does this make you feel?, Why do you say that?

Back

Why do you say that?

Answer explanation

The question 'Why do you say that?' effectively prompts the respondent to elaborate on their reasoning, allowing for a deeper evaluation of the strength of their claim. The other options do not assess reasoning directly.

Front

What is the primary role of evidence in argumentation?

Back

To provide concrete support for reasons, convincing the audience to accept the claim

Answer explanation

The primary role of evidence in argumentation is to provide concrete support for reasons, which helps convince the audience to accept the claim. This strengthens the argument rather than undermining it or introducing confusion.

Front

Why is it important to address counterclaims in an argument?

Back

It demonstrates critical thinking and strengthens the overall argument.

Answer explanation

Addressing counterclaims demonstrates critical thinking, showing that the speaker has considered multiple perspectives. This not only strengthens the overall argument but also enhances credibility with the audience.

Front

In the Toulmin Method, what is the function of a 'warrant'?

Back

The logical connection between data and claim

Answer explanation

In the Toulmin Method, a 'warrant' serves as the logical connection between the data presented and the claim being made. It explains why the data supports the claim, making it essential for a coherent argument.

Front

According to the text, what does 'backing' provide in the Toulmin Method?

Back

Additional support for the warrant

Answer explanation

In the Toulmin Method, 'backing' provides additional support for the warrant, which connects the claim to the evidence. This strengthens the argument by reinforcing the reasoning behind the claim.

Front

What is the primary purpose of an argument?

Back

To convince others through logical reasoning and evidence

Answer explanation

The primary purpose of an argument is to convince others through logical reasoning and evidence. This approach fosters understanding and can lead to productive discussions, unlike the other options that promote conflict or unsubstantiated opinions.

Front

What does effective argument construction enhance?

Back

Critical thinking

Answer explanation

Effective argument construction enhances critical thinking by promoting logical analysis and evaluation of evidence, leading to well-reasoned conclusions rather than relying on emotional reasoning or subjective viewpoints.