Difference between psychologist and psychiatrist

Psychologists focus on therapy and research; Psychiatrists can prescribe medication

Analyzing and evaluating information; used in everyday decision-making

Unscientific beliefs or practices related to psychology

Hypothesis, variable, and operational definition

Hypothesis: testable prediction; Variable: element that can change; Operational definition: specific explanation of a concept

Correlation vs. Causation

Correlation: relationship between variables; Causation: one variable causes change in another

Positive vs. Negative correlation

Positive: variables increase together; Negative: one variable increases as the other decreases

Importance of random assignment

Ensures each participant has an equal chance of being in any group; reduces bias

Change in behavior due to belief in treatment; controlled by using a placebo group

Single-blind vs. Double-blind study

Single-blind: participants unaware of group; Double-blind: both participants and researchers unaware

Importance of ethics in research

Protects participants' rights and well-being

Participants' agreement to take part in study after being informed of risks

Post-study requirements after deception

Debriefing participants about the true nature of the study

Replication in science

Repeating studies to verify results; ensures reliability

Draw and label a neuron (dendrites, soma, axon, myelin, terminal buttons). Describe what each part does.

Dendrites receive signals, soma processes them, axon transmits signals, myelin insulates axon, terminal buttons release neurotransmitters.

The all-or-none principle.

The all-or-none principle states that a neuron either fires completely or not at all.

Define synapse and reuptake.

A synapse is the gap between neurons where communication occurs. Reuptake is the process of neurotransmitters being reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron.

Match the neurotransmitter with its role: dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, endorphins.

Dopamine: movement and reward; Serotonin: mood and sleep; Acetylcholine: muscle action; Endorphins: pain relief.

Compare the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes all other neural elements.

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are sympathetic and parasympathetic.

The sympathetic division prepares the body for stress, while the parasympathetic division calms the body.

Define: sensation, perception, transduction, absolute threshold, difference threshold, sensory adaptation.

Sensation: detection of stimuli; Perception: interpretation of stimuli; Transduction: conversion of stimuli to neural signals; Absolute threshold: minimum stimulus needed for detection; Difference threshold: smallest detectable difference; Sensory adaptation: reduced sensitivity to constant stimuli.

Rods detect light and dark; cones detect color.

Rods detect light and dark, while cones detect color.

Afterimages occur due to continued activation of visual receptors after exposure to an image.

Afterimages occur due to the continued activation of visual receptors after exposure to an image.

Color blindness is the inability to perceive colors correctly; defects in cone cells are often the cause.

Color blindness is the inability to perceive colors correctly, often due to defects in cone cells.

The opponent-process theory suggests that color vision is controlled by opposing retinal processes.

Sound localization is the ability to determine the origin of a sound in space.

Covering one ear disrupts the ability to compare sound input from both ears, making localization difficult.

A cold can block nasal passages, reducing the sense of smell, which affects taste.

Smell is linked to memory because the olfactory bulb is closely connected to brain regions involved in memory.

The vestibular sense helps with balance and spatial orientation; dizziness occurs when fluid in the inner ear continues to move after spinning stops.

Kinesthetic sense is the awareness of body position and movement; an example is knowing the position of your limbs without looking.

The Müller-Lyer illusion involves lines with arrow tails that appear different in length; it shows how context affects perception.

Three Gestalt principles include: Proximity - objects close together are perceived as a group; Similarity - similar objects are grouped together; Continuity - lines are seen as following the smoothest path.

1. Proximity: Objects close together are perceived as a group. 2. Similarity: Similar objects are grouped together. 3. Continuity: Lines are seen as following the smoothest path.

Monocular cues involve one eye and include size and overlap; binocular cues involve both eyes and include retinal disparity.

Bottom-up processing is data-driven, starting with sensory input; top-down processing is concept-driven, influenced by expectations.

Inattentional blindness is failing to see visible objects when attention is elsewhere; an example is missing a stop sign while focused on a conversation.

Perception is the brain's interpretation of sensory information, influenced by context, expectations, and experiences.

Perception is the brain's interpretation of sensory information, which can be influenced by context, expectations, and experiences.

Psychology Concepts Flashcards

Student preview

56 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

The four main goals of psychology

Back

Describe, explain, predict, and control behavior

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Founder of the first psychology lab

Back

Wilhelm Wundt; focused on structuralism

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Structuralism vs. Functionalism

Back

Structuralism studies the structure of the mind; Functionalism studies the purpose of mental processes

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Freud's emphasis in psychology

Back

Unconscious mind and childhood experiences as driving forces of behavior

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Behaviorists' belief about psychology's focus

Back

Observable behavior and its environmental determinants

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Cognitive perspective vs. Behaviorism

Back

Cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes; Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Humanistic perspective

Back

Focuses on personal growth and free will; reaction to deterministic views

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