HIV attacks human T-cells (part of the immune system).

HIV is a virus that reproduces within our cells, destroying part of the immune system over time.

Effect of HIV on the immune system.

HIV leaves the person susceptible to microbes that wouldn’t normally have harmed them.

Diagram showing HIV attacking a T cell through endocytosis and exocytosis.

Illustration of how HIV enters and affects T cells, part of the immune system.

HIV/AIDS resistance in Northern Europe

Some people in Northern Europe are born with a mutation that makes them resistant to HIV.

Map showing the proportion of people in Europe with the resistance trait today.

The map illustrates the distribution of the HIV resistance trait across Europe.

Resistance mechanism of the mutation to HIV

The mutation prevents HIV from entering cells, providing resistance to the virus.

Resistance to HIV involves understanding the structure of membranes, how ions/nutrients/microbes are brought across the membrane and into the cell, and how proteins are inserted in membranes.

The mechanism of resistance to HIV.

Diagram illustrating endocytosis and exocytosis processes related to HIV entry and exit in a cell.

The diagram illustrates the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis, which are crucial for understanding how HIV enters and exits a cell.

Key questions regarding membrane function include: What is the structure of a membrane? How are ions/nutrients/microbes brought across the membrane and into the cell? How are proteins inserted in membranes?

These questions are essential for understanding membrane function.

The Fluid Mosaic Model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates, which gives the membrane a fluid character.

The Fluid Mosaic Model of plasma membrane structure.

Phospholipids form the basic structure of a cell membrane, creating a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Phospholipids in the cell membrane.

Cholesterol molecules are interspersed within the phospholipid bilayer, providing stability and fluidity to the membrane.

Role of cholesterol in the membrane.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of fibers that provide structural support and help in cell signaling.

Function of the extracellular matrix.

Microfilaments of the cytoskeleton are found on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, providing structural support and playing a role in cell movement.

Role of microfilaments in the cytoskeleton.

Membrane Lipids and Fluidity

The saturation of fatty acid tails on phospholipids reflects the temperature in the environment.

Diagram of phospholipid membranes

Unsaturated tails have more double bonds, making the membrane more fluid. Saturated tails are more viscous.

Interactions between fatty acid tails

Longer fatty acid tails have more interactions, leading to a more solid-like membrane.

Cholesterol in a phospholipid bilayer

Cholesterol affects membrane fluidity based on temperature. At warm temperatures, it restrains phospholipid movement to decrease fluidity. At cool temperatures, it prevents tight packing to decrease viscosity.

Adaptations for lipids in caribou legs

B & C are correct: Decreased length of fatty acid tails and increased number of cholesterol molecules

Caribou in the Arctic use different lipid types in their legs.

Their legs are more susceptible to heat loss than internal organs, so they use lipids that help maintain fluidity and prevent freezing.

Adaptation that helps caribou legs maintain membrane fluidity.

Decreased length of fatty acid tails and increased number of cholesterol molecules.

Effect of unsaturated tails on membrane packing.

Unsaturated tails prevent packing, increasing fluidity.

Role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes at low temperatures.

Cholesterol hinders solidification, maintaining membrane fluidity.

Diagram showing unsaturated versus saturated hydrocarbon tails and cholesterol within the animal cell membrane.

The diagram illustrates how unsaturated tails prevent packing, saturated tails pack together, and cholesterol affects membrane fluidity.

HIV binds to proteins on the phospholipid bilayer to enter our cells.

HIV uses specific proteins on the cell membrane to gain entry into the cells.

Resistance to HIV involves understanding the structure of a membrane, the transport of ions/nutrients/microbes across the membrane, and the insertion of proteins in membranes.

The document addresses three questions: the structure of a membrane, how ions/nutrients/microbes are brought across the membrane and into the cell, and how proteins are inserted in membranes.

Structure of a membrane

The structure of a membrane is one of the key questions addressed in understanding resistance to HIV.

Transport of ions/nutrients/microbes across the membrane

This process is crucial for understanding cellular interactions and resistance mechanisms.

Insertion of proteins in membranes

Protein insertion in membranes is a fundamental aspect of cellular function and resistance mechanisms.

The cell membrane controls the movement of materials in and out of a cell.

The cell membrane is a selective barrier that regulates the passage of substances, maintaining the internal environment of the cell.

A double layer of phospholipids that forms the core of cell membranes, providing structure and a barrier to most water-soluble substances.

Phospholipid bilayer permeability

The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane allows it to be permeable to lipids and nonpolar molecules.

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

The phospholipid bilayer has hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions.

Diffusion of ions and polar molecules

Ions and polar molecules diffuse slowly or not at all across the phospholipid bilayer.

Diagram of the phospholipid bilayer

Illustration of the phospholipid bilayer structure and its permeability characteristics.

Diagram of a U-shaped tube with different solute concentrations

Vocabulary is used to describe solute concentrations in a liquid.

Lower concentration of solute = HYPOTONIC

Vocabulary to describe solute concentrations in a liquid includes "hypotonic" for lower concentration.

Higher concentration of solute = HYPERTONIC

Vocabulary to describe solute concentrations in a liquid includes "hypertonic" for higher concentration.

Diagram showing a selectively permeable membrane with water and solute molecules moving between the outside and inside of a cell.

Illustration of osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane.

Net direction of solute flow

The solute flows from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Effect of large solute on membrane permeability

Water will move to equalize the solute concentrations on either side of the membrane.

Cell Membrane and Protein Function Flashcards

Student preview

69 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Components of a phospholipid bilayer

Back

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Interaction of membrane protein components with water vs fatty acids

Back

Hydrophilic components interact with water; hydrophobic components interact with fatty acids

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Cell adjustment of saturation and cholesterol in response to temperature

Back

Cells adjust membrane fluidity by altering lipid saturation and cholesterol content

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Diffusion and net movement of solute and water

Back

Diffusion predicts movement from high to low concentration

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Simple diffusion vs facilitated diffusion vs active transport

Back

Simple diffusion: passive, no energy; facilitated diffusion: passive, uses transport proteins; active transport: requires energy

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Path of protein after it leaves ER

Back

Protein travels to the Golgi apparatus, then to its final destination

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Consequences of preventing proper cellular localization of protein

Back

Can lead to diseases or dysfunction due to improper protein function

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