Understanding Variables in Experiments

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Definition of Variables

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Variables are factors that can change in an experiment and may affect the outcome. They are important for ensuring reliable test results in scientific research.

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Independent Variable (Cause)

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It's the IF… in an experiment. The variable that is changed or controlled to test its effects on the dependent variable. Examples include the amount of sunlight or types of surfaces.

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Dependent Variable (Effect)

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It's the THEN… in an experiment. The variable that is measured or observed. Examples include plant growth or heart rate.

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Controlled (Constant) Variable

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These are variables kept constant throughout the experiment to ensure valid test results. Examples include the same amount of water or temperature.

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Basketball Bounce Experiment: Independent Variable

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Types of surface (carpet, hardwood, concrete).

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Basketball Bounce Experiment: Dependent Variable

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Height of the basketball bounce measured after being dropped.

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Basketball Bounce Experiment: Controlled Variables

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Same ball, released from the same height, same measuring tool (measuring tape), and the method of dropping the ball.

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Gum Flavor Longevity Experiment: Independent Variable

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Different brands of spearmint gum.

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Gum Flavor Longevity Experiment: Dependent Variable

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Duration (time) of flavor lasting for each brand of gum, measured with a stopwatch.

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Gum Flavor Longevity Experiment: Controlled Variables

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Same type of gum (spearmint), same amount used (one stick), same measuring tool (stopwatch), same person chewing the gum, and consistent chewing speed.