Nervous System Overview

Front

What are the two main cell types in the nervous system?

Back

1. Neurons: specialized cells that receive, carry, and transmit information. 2. Glia (Neuroglia): support cells that protect, feed, and assist neurons.

Front

What are the four types of glial cells and their functions?

Back

1. Astrocytes: wrap around axon terminals, synchronize activity, and bring nutrients. 2. Microglia: act as the brain's immune system, removing viruses and damaged neurons. 3. Oligodendrocytes (CNS) & Schwann Cells (PNS): build myelin sheath for insulation. 4. Radial Glia: guide migration of neurons during development.

Front

Who were Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi, and what was their contribution to neuroscience?

Back

Cajal proved that neurons are separate cells using anatomical drawings. Golgi developed the silver stain method to view individual neurons. Both shared the Nobel Prize in 1906.

Front

What are the four main structures of a neuron?

Back

1. Soma (Cell Body): contains the nucleus and organelles. 2. Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons. 3. Axon: carries impulses away from the soma. 4. Presynaptic Terminals: release neurotransmitters to communicate.

Front

What are the three types of neurons and their functions?

Back

1. Motor Neurons: send signals to muscles. 2. Sensory Neurons: detect stimuli. 3. Interneurons: connect neurons within the same structure.

Front

What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its function?

Back

The BBB protects the brain by blocking harmful chemicals and allows essential nutrients like glucose and thiamine to cross.

Front

What is the reflex arc pathway?

Back

Stimulus → Sensory Neuron → Spinal Cord → Motor Neuron → Muscle Response.

Front

What are the six steps in the synaptic sequence of neurotransmission?

Back

1. Synthesis of neurotransmitters. 2. Action potential triggers calcium entry. 3. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors. 4. Separation from receptors. 5. Recycling or removal. 6. Feedback from postsynaptic cells.

Front

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

Back

1. Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord. 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): connects CNS to the body.

Front

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

Back

1. Sympathetic Division: 'fight or flight' response. 2. Parasympathetic Division: 'rest and digest' functions.