georg chap 8&9

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formal housing

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provided for by government or private developers with legal rights to the land

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informal housing

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Housing that is self-built by individuals who has no legal right to occupy the land and are in lack of access to basic services

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chateristics of formal housing

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1. 1. built by government or private developers

-> provides individuals the legal rights to obtain, use or possess land.

2. 2. Legal rights to occupy land

3. -> provides security

4. 3. Access to basic services

5. -> basic services include easy access to water, electricity and the provision of sanitation services

6. -> provision of basic services improves quality of life for residents

7. 4. high quality building materials

8. -> these housing development must conform to authorities guidelines and use high-quality materials such as concrete, metal or hardwood

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features of informal housing

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1. 1. self- built squatter settlements

2. -> unplanned development, built haphazardly

3. -> environmental threats to their safety

4. 2. inferior building materials

5. -> constructed from scavenged materials such as repurposed zinc sheets and recycled wood, are at risk of collapse, floods and fire in times of hazards

6. -> environmental threats to their safety

7. 3. No legal rights to occupy land

8. -> built out of necessity , and desperation for shelter

9. -> these residents are illegal occupants, hence they face the threat of eviction

10. 4. lack of access to basic services

11. -> increased risk of injury and ill-health due to electrocution and waterborne diseases

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where is formal housing found?

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-> occupies sites with basic services and infrastructure

-> govt. can intervene and regulate land prices, other wise, high land prices will result in unaffordable formal housing

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where are informal housing located

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-> informal housing tend to occupy locations near large housing or industrial development to benefit from existing infrastructure such as piped water, electricity or roads

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how does housing affect the natural environment?

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to meet the needs of the people, more natural resources have to be extracted and used

(a) use of natural resources

-> large scale deforestation needs to be carried out to clear land for mining to extract fossil fuels to generate electricity

-> raw materials needs to be mined in order to produce steel to construct high-quality materials and homes

-> valuable and durable wood can also be acquired from trees in the forests to make high-quality building materials and furniture

It is noteworthy that the extraction and use of resources by cities have significant and wide-ranging impact on the natural environment

Hence, sustainable management of housing is closely linked to the sustainable management of tropical forests and the sustainable management of water

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(b) environmental pollution

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1. 1. land pollution

2. -> the huge amount of waste generated and disposed by cities in landfills may potentially result in the contamination soil and lead to long term damage to land, making the land unsafe to build houses

3. 2. water pollution

4. -> garbage dumps, toxic waste, chemical storage and use areas , leaking fuel storage tanks and intentional dumping of hazardous substances are also sources of contaminants to groundwater and surface water

5. 3. air pollution

6. -> concentration helps people to live in cities efficiently as public transport network, water and electricity pipes can serve a large number of people within a small area and this reduces environmental footprint

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how does access to housing affect people?

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1. 1. provision of basic needs

2. -> formal urban housing provides shelter and sanitation as well as water and electricity

3. -> such provision of basic needs allow people living in formal housing to have access to safe living and sleeping quarters in their shelters as well as clean water and toilets that meet their standards

4. -> helps improve people's well being and overall health.

2. 2. presence of amenities

3. -> amenities are desirable or useful features of a place that makes life easier and more comfortable for residents living in it

4. -> medical services are also easily available as clinics and hospitals are in close vicinity.

5. -> hence, the presence of amenities within close reach makes life easier and more comfortable for residents who live in formal urban housing in cities, providing them with a high qualitu of life

3. 3. presence of communities

4. -> besides meeting the material needs of its residents, formal urban housing also tend to have social spares to promote for social gatherings

5. -> such spaces allow residents to get to know people within their neighbourhood, makes friends and seek companionship

6. -> the interactions and community spirit foster amongst neighbours leads to a sense of belonging and inclusitivity for residents , increasing quality of life