Education

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CREDENTIALISAM

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belief in or reliance on academic or other formal qualifications as the best measure of a person's intelligence or ability to do a particular job

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CULTURAL CAPITAL

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encompasses the knowledge, skills, education, and cultural competencies that a person acquires, which can be converted into social and economic advantages

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DELAYED GRATIFICATION

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referring to the behaviour in which sacrifices are made in the present in the hope of a greater future reward

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EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY

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The principle that all individuals should have a fair and equal chance to succeed in life, regardless of their background circumstances such as race, gender, social class, or family wealth.

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HIDDEN CURRICULUM

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refers to unofficial norms, behaviours and values that teachers teach and students learn at school, or that are directly/indirectly transferred by the school culture or ethos, and which are not necessarily a product of conscious intention

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LITERACY

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a basic skill or knowledge of a subject (e.g., digital literacy); the ability to read and write

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MERITOCRACY

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a social system that gives the greatest power and highest positions to those with the most ability

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PROGRESS

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to improve or develop in skills, knowledge, etc.; to move something to a more advanced or developed state

FOR EXAMPLE: The phase of industrialisation has resulted in improvements in material welfare, reflected in enhanced standards of health and longer life expectancy. This phase was also associated with a progress in the rights of citizenship, literacy and education.

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STRATIFICATION

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Social stratification is how society is divided into different levels or layers, like a pyramid, based on things like wealth, power, and social status.

Some societies have more rigid stratification (harder to move between levels), while others allow more social mobility (easier to move up or down the ladder through education, hard work, or other factors).

Every society has some form of stratification, though they vary in how extreme the differences are between the top and bottom layers.