How can you predict an element's group or period using ionization data?

By analyzing the patterns in ionization energies.

What is stoichiometry?

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

How do you calculate moles from mass?

Moles = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol).

What is the formula for percentage yield?

% yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%.

What types of bonding are there?

Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.

What does VSEPR theory help predict?

The shapes of molecules based on electron pair repulsion.

How does bonding relate to physical properties?

Bonding affects melting point, solubility, and conductivity.

What is the trend in atomic radius across a period?

Atomic radius decreases across a period.

What happens to ionization energy across a period?

Ionization energy increases across a period.

What are London forces?

Weak intermolecular forces arising from temporary dipoles.

What is hydrogen bonding?

A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction involving hydrogen and electronegative atoms.

What is the difference between intramolecular and intermolecular forces?

Intramolecular forces are within molecules, while intermolecular forces are between molecules.

What are giant ionic lattices?

Structures formed by ionic compounds, where ions are held together by electrostatic forces.

What is the structure of diamond?

A giant covalent structure in which each carbon atom is bonded to four others in a tetrahedral arrangement.

Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity only when molten or aqueous?

Because ions are free to move in these states.

What is the octet rule?

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of eight electrons.

What are the properties of metals?

Metals are typically malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting points.

What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

What is the principle of conservation of mass?

In a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; it remains constant.

What is an ionic bond?

A chemical bond formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

What is the significance of the mole in chemistry?

The mole is a unit that measures the amount of substance, defined as containing exactly 6.022 x 10²³ entities (atoms, molecules, etc.).

What is the octet rule?

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of eight electrons.

What are the characteristics of covalent compounds?

Covalent compounds typically have lower melting and boiling points, are poor conductors of electricity, and can exist as gases, liquids, or solids.

What is the difference between a polar and nonpolar molecule?

A polar molecule has a net dipole moment due to the presence of polar bonds, while a nonpolar molecule does not have a net dipole moment and has an even distribution of charge.

What is a polar molecule?

A polar molecule has a net dipole moment due to the presence of polar bonds, resulting in a molecule with a positive and a negative end.

What is the significance of electronegativity in bonding?

Electronegativity determines how strongly an atom attracts electrons in a bond, influencing bond polarity and molecular properties.

What are the main types of intermolecular forces?

The main types of intermolecular forces are hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces.

How does the structure of graphite differ from that of diamond?

Graphite has a layered structure with weak forces between layers, allowing for lubrication, while diamond has a rigid three-dimensional structure, making it very hard.

What is meant by the term excited state.

Occurs when an electron absorbs energy and moves to a higher, unstable energy level, temporarily occupying an energy level that is not fully filled according to <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" class="GI370e" style="text-decoration: underline; cursor: pointer;" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Aufbau%27s+principle&sca_esv=637c0e90f834ed3d&sxsrf=AE3TifMfEW1ObmGnHBG4wEielln5TP8VDQ%3A1758599827001&source=hp&ei=khrSaKDvOtWR4-EPt6mM2QQ&iflsig=AOw8s4IAAAAAaNIoo8PqF2rGDStPn1zP3lf-HJHkHmei&ved=2ahUKEwio16-E_-2PAxU1bWwGHQSKOgMQgK4QegQIAhAE&uact=5&oq=ground+state+and+excited+state+cambridge+as+level+chemistry&gs_lp=Egdnd3Mtd2l6Ijtncm91bmQgc3RhdGUgYW5kIGV4Y2l0ZWQgc3RhdGUgY2FtYnJpZGdlIGFzIGxldmVsIGNoZW1pc3RyeTIFECEYoAEyBRAhGKABMgUQIRigAUjjvQJQAFi5vAJwEXgAkAEBmAGiA6ABmVOqAQsxMy40OC43LjMuMbgBA8gBAPgBAZgCRqACiEfCAgwQIxiABBgTGCcYigXCAgcQABiABBgTwgIEECMYJ8ICCBAAGIAEGMsBwgIKEAAYgAQYChjLAcICBhAAGBYYHsICBRAAGO8FwgIEECEYFZgDAJIHCzE5LjQxLjYuMy4xoAe-wAKyBwo4LjQxLjYuMy4xuAfdRsIHCzkuMzguMTYuNi4xyAfvAQ&sclient=gws-wiz&mstk=AUtExfC37V7BKZjnfv_hZ8VjPMDH-jKc4wsutqyUeHToDZ6QrSYXaX7Wcc0l6-4YR7vUsV7GWCFx53awNd1ofLY_mHuq2H3m-H_M0BMeJqkJjIQBV_DSaPqWYWMpc0yon4v00R0Pvq98BFMXpBc0iZ7NGtHD6Oetxwc0VfptxSMoPtYP1Z0&csui=3">Aufbau's principle

What is electronegativity?

Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

What is a metallic bond?

A metallic bond is a type of chemical bond that occurs between metal atoms, characterized by a sea of delocalized electrons.

What is the difference between a polar and nonpolar covalent bond?

A polar covalent bond has unequal sharing of electrons, while a nonpolar covalent bond has equal sharing of electrons.

What does the principal quantum number indicate?

The energy level of a particular electron shell and the energy of the electrons within that shell.

Why does ionization energy generally increase across a period?

The nuclear charge increases, pulling electrons closer; the atomic radius decreases; and shielding remains roughly constant. This makes it harder to remove outer electrons, requiring more energy.

Why does ionization energy generally decrease down a group?

Although the nuclear charge increases, the atomic radius also increases due to the addition of more electron shells. This greater distance between the nucleus and the outer electrons makes them easier to remove.

When is a covalent bond considered nonpolar?

A covalent bond is nonpolar when the two atoms sharing the electrons have the same electronegativity.

When is a covalent bond considered polar?

A covalent bond is polar when the two atoms have different electronegativities, causing the electrons to be drawn more toward the more electronegative atom.

What determines how polar a bond is?

The dipole moment is a measure of a bond's polarity, and its strength is directly related to the magnitude of the difference in electronegativity between the atoms.

What is the difference between intramolecular and intermolecular forces in a water molecule?

The polar covalent bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are intramolecular forces (forces within the molecule), while the forces between different water molecules are intermolecular forces , specifically permanent dipole-permanent dipole forces .

What is the structure of an ionic compound?

Ionic compounds form giant ionic lattices , which are also called giant ionic structures. The lattice structure depends on the sizes of the alternating positive and negative ions.

Describe the structure of a giant metallic lattice.

It consists of metal ions surrounded by a "sea" of delocalised electrons, often arranged in hexagonal or cubic layers.

T1 AS LEVEL CHEMISTRY SY25-26 Flashcards

Student preview

50 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What defines the identity of an element?

Back

The number of protons in the atom.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What are isotopes?

Back

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

How can you deduce information about isotopes?

Back

By using mass numbers and atomic numbers.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the difference between relative atomic mass and mass number?

Back

Relative atomic mass is the weighted average of isotopes, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Give an example of an application of isotopes.

Back

Dating, medicine, or tracing.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the order of orbital filling?

Back

1s → 2s → 2p → 3s → 3p → 4s → 3d.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What are successive ionization energies?

Back

The energy required to remove electrons from an atom in its gaseous state.

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