Defensins and lysosomes are both part of ________ immunity and function as ___________. a) adaptive; physical barriers to pathogen entry b) adaptive; attackers of pathogenic cells c) innate; physical barriers to pathogen entry d) innate; attackers of pathogenic cells

d) innate; attackers of pathogenic cells

Which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third lines of defense in order? a) Adaptive immunity, external innate immunity, internal immunity b) External innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity c) External innate immunity, adaptive immunity, internal innate immunity d) External adaptive immunity, internal adaptive immunity, innate immunity e) Innate immunity, internal adaptive immunity, internal innate immunity

b) External innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity

In the classical pathway of complement activation, a) complement is activated within liver cells and released into the blood. b) complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance. c) complement binds with polysaccharides on a microbial cell wall. d) complement inhibits inflammation and binds to opsonins.

b) complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance.

A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that a) triggers phagocytosis of a target cell by a nearby macrophage or neutrophil. b) forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis. c) links a pathogen to a red blood cell so that it is carried to the liver or spleen. d) stimulates basophils to attack a multicellular parasite in the body.

b) forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis.

Chemotaxis is the process by which a) CAMs on leukocytes adhere to CAMs on endothelial cells of capillaries within injured tissues. b) cells migrate along chemical gradients. c) cells exit the blood by squeezing out between cells in the blood vessel wall. d) chemical messengers are secreted that stimulate the sensation of pain that accompanies inflammation.

b) cells migrate along chemical gradients.

Exudate is a) blood that escapes capillaries, passes beyond the skin and leaves the body. b) increased perfusion of capillary beds within the region of an injury. c) lymph that flows away from the heart and toward the site of an injury. d) fluid that leaves capillaries to "wash" the interstitial space of an injured tissue. e) clotting proteins that wall off microbes and prevent them from spreading through the bloodstream.

d) fluid that leaves capillaries to "wash" the interstitial space of an injured tissue.

Interleukin 1 and interferons act as a) defervescents and trigger an elevation of body temperature. b) defervescents and trigger a decrease of body temperature. c) pyrogens and trigger an elevation of body temperature. d) pyrogens and trigger a decrease of body temperature.

c) pyrogens and trigger an elevation of body temperature.

Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenicity? a) One that is small, simple, familiar, and abundant b) One that is small but complex and rare c) One that is large, complex, foreign, and abundant d) One that is large but simple and familiar

c) One that is large, complex, foreign, and abundant

Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen a) inside the cytoplasm of a B-lymphocyte. b) on the surface of a cell so that a B-lymphocyte can be exposed to it. c) inside the cytoplasm of a T-lymphocyte. d) on the surface of a cell so that a T-lymphocyte can be exposed to it.

d) on the surface of a cell so that a T-lymphocyte can be exposed to it.

Antigen-presenting cells are ________________, and they display antigens to both ________________ and ______________. a) immune cells; B-lymphocytes; T-lymphocytes b) immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes c) any nucleated cell; B-lymphocytes; T-lymphocytes d) any anucleate cell; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes e) any blood cell; helper B-lymphocytes; cytotoxic B-lymphocytes

b) immune cells; helper T-lymphocytes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

MHC class I molecules present peptide fragments that are either "self" or "nonself"; in either case, the fragment becomes bound to the molecule while a) in the Golgi apparatus. b) in the cytosol. c) in a secretory vesicle. d) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

d) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Activation of lymphocytes occurs in a) primary lymphatic structures. b) secondary lymphatic structures. c) tertiary lymphatic structures. d) effectors such as muscles and glands.

b) secondary lymphatic structures.

The first signal during helper T-lymphocyte activation involves a) BCR of the helper T-cell binding with free antigen and engulfing it. b) CD8 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class III of the antigen-presenting cell. c) CD4 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class I part of the antigen fragment. d) CD4 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen-presenting cell.

d) CD4 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen-presenting cell.

The second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from a) IL-2 released by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. b) IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes. c) bradykinin released by antigen-presenting cells. d) antibodies released by antigens.

b) IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by a) increasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis. b) increasing the permeability of infected cells and preventing apoptosis. c) decreasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis. d) decreasing the permeability of infected cells and preventing apoptosis.

a) increasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis.

An immunoglobulin is a(n) a) antibody, which is a white blood cell. b) antibody, which is a protein molecule. c) lymphocyte, which is a white blood cell. d) lymphocyte, which is a protein molecule. e) antigen, which is a cell receptor.

b) antibody, which is a protein molecule.

Opsonization involves a) cross-linking several antigens together so that they are no longer soluble, and it is facilitated by the Fc region of the antibody. b) marking a target for phagocytosis, and it is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with a phagocyte. c) activation of NK cells, and it is a function of the antigen-binding site of the antibody. d) fixation of antibodies in the IgG and IgM classes, and it involves the antigen-binding site of the antibody.

b) marking a target for phagocytosis, and it is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with a phagocyte.

IgA is primarily found a) in blood. b) in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus. c) in lymph. d) on the surface of B-lymphocytes. e) in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.

b) in external secretions such as tears, saliva, and mucus.

The secondary response of the immune system to an infectious agent involves a) fewer cells than the antigen challenge, as the response has become more specific. b) more cells than the antigen challenge, due to the proliferation of memory cells. c) amnesia of past exposures, so that a perfectly adapted response can be generated to the new pathogen.

b) more cells than the antigen challenge, due to the proliferation of memory cells.

Active immunity requires a) the transfer of antibodies from another individual. b) direct encounter with the antigen. c) that an active virus be used in a vaccine. d) that all immune responses to the pathogen result in symptoms of illness.

b) direct encounter with the antigen.

Passive immunity lasts a) from days to weeks, and involves development of memory cells. b) from days to weeks, and does not involve development of memory cells. c) from years to a lifetime, and involves the development of memory cells. d) from years to a lifetime, and does not involve development of memory cells.

b) from days to weeks, and does not involve development of memory cells.

The primary goal of the immune response is a) destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material. b) maintenance of the proper ionic balance between lymph and blood. c) stimulation of mitotic activity in order to replace cells damaged by infection. d) reduction of the number of circulating memory lymphocytes. e) removal of antibodies from lymph and lymphatic organs.

a) destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material.

A&P Exam 1 - Ch. 22

Flashcard

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Science

•

University

•

Practice Problem

•

Hard

Makayla Snow

Used 1+ times

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50 questions

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FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Malaria is a disease caused by a

a) multicellular parasite.

b) protozoan.

c) fungus.

d) virus.

e) bacterium.

Back

b) protozoan.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Fungi are

a) eukaryotic cells with a cell wall.

b) prokaryotic cells.

c) multicellular parasites that reside within a host.

d) protozoans lacking a cell wall.

e) viruses that are fragments of infectious proteins.

Back

a) eukaryotic cells with a cell wall.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

"Mad cow disease" (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is caused by a

a) fungus.

b) protozoan.

c) prion.

d) virus.

e) bacterium.

Back

c) prion.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Dendritic cells of the skin are derived from

a) macrophages.

b) B-lymphocytes.

c) T-lymphocytes.

d) monocytes.

e) neutrophils.

Back

d) monocytes.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

In terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are _______; their function is to serve as _________.

a) proteins; chemical messengers

b) proteins; receptors

c) steroids; chemical messengers.

d) steroids; receptors.

Back

a) proteins; chemical messengers

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

When a chemical messenger has a short half-life, it means that

a) it will not have an extremely prolonged effect on target cells.

b) it will not be eliminated quickly from the blood.

Back

a) it will not have an extremely prolonged effect on target cells.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Interferons are one of the classes of

a) interleukins.

b) cytokines.

c) colony-stimulating factors.

d) tumor necrosis factors.

Back

b) cytokines.

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