Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines

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Functional Group Noun

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[funk-shun-ul groop]

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Functional Group

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A specific group of atoms or bonds within a molecule responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions and properties.

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Example: This diagram shows the general structure of an alcohol (R-OH), where the hydroxyl group (-OH) is the functional group attached to a carbon chain (R).

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Hydrocarbon Noun

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[hy-dro-kar-bun]

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Hydrocarbon

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An organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms, forming the structural framework of many organic molecules.

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Example: This image shows a hydrocarbon molecule (methane) using a 3D model, its 2D structure, and its chemical formula (CH4), illustrating it is made of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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Alkane Noun

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[al-kayn]

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Alkane

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A saturated hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds between its carbon atoms, making it relatively unreactive.

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Example: This image shows a model of methane (CH₄), the simplest alkane, with one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.

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Substitution Reaction Noun

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[sub-sti-too-shun ree-ak-shun]

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Substitution Reaction

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A chemical reaction where one functional group or atom in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group or atom.

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Example: This diagram shows a substitution reaction where one part of a molecule (the blue circle) is replaced by another part (the orange circle).

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Halogenation Noun

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[ha-luh-juh-nay-shun]

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Halogenation

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A chemical reaction that involves introducing one or more halogen atoms into a compound, often by replacing a hydrogen atom.

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Example: This diagram shows a halogen, Bromine, being added to an Ethylene molecule. The two Bromine atoms attach to the carbon atoms, changing the molecule's structure.

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Alkyl Halide Noun

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[al-kil hay-lyd]

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Alkyl Halide

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An organic compound derived from an alkane by replacing at least one hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.

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Example: This image shows four examples of alkyl halides, which are molecules where a halogen atom (like Br or Cl) is attached to a carbon-based group (alkyl group).

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Halogen Noun

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[hal-uh-jen]

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Halogen

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Any of the five nonmetallic elements that constitute Group 17 of the periodic table, known for their high reactivity.

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Example: This image shows the elements in the Halogen group, like Fluorine and Chlorine, and illustrates that they exist as diatomic molecules (two atoms bonded together).

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Hydroxyl Group Noun

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[hy-drok-sil groop]

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Hydroxyl Group

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A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen atom, characteristic of alcohols and phenols.

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Example: This diagram shows an ethanol molecule, a type of alcohol. The blue box highlights the hydroxyl group (-OH), which is the key functional group.

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Amino Group Noun

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[uh-mee-noh groop]

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Amino Group

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A functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen atoms or organic groups, characteristic of amines.

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Example: This diagram shows the structure of an amino acid, highlighting the amino group (-NH2) as a key part, which consists of one nitrogen and two hydrogen atoms.

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Alcohol Noun

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[al-kuh-hawl]

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Alcohol

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An organic compound in which a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a saturated carbon atom.

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Example: This diagram shows the chemical structure of ethanol, an example of an alcohol. It highlights the hydroxyl group (-OH), the key functional group that defines all alcohols.