Ideal Gases

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Ideal Gas Noun

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[eye-deel gas]

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Ideal Gas

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A hypothetical gas with particles of insignificant size and no intermolecular forces, perfectly obeying the kinetic model of gases.

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Example: This diagram shows that an ideal gas consists of many tiny particles (molecules) moving randomly and colliding with each other and the container walls.

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Intermolecular Forces Noun

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[in-ter-muh-lek-yuh-ler for-sez]

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Intermolecular Forces

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The attractive or repulsive forces that exist between neighboring molecules, affecting the physical properties of substances like gases.

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Example: This diagram shows an attraction, called a hydrogen bond, between two molecules. The positive part of one molecule is attracted to the negative part of another.

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Ideal Gas Constant (R) Noun

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[eye-deel gas kon-stunt]

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Ideal Gas Constant (R)

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The proportionality constant in the ideal gas law equation, PV = nRT, which relates the energy scale to the temperature scale.

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Example: This image shows the Ideal Gas Law equation (PV=nRT), where R, the Ideal Gas Constant, connects a gas's pressure, volume, amount, and temperature.

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Molar Volume Noun

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[moh-ler vol-yoom]

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Molar Volume

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The volume occupied by one mole of any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas, at a specific temperature and pressure.

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Example: This image shows that one mole of different gases (He, N2, CH4), despite having different masses, occupies the same volume (22.4 L) at standard conditions.

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Density Noun

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[den-si-tee]

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Density

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An intensive physical property of a substance defined as its total mass divided by its total volume.

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Example: This image shows two cubes of the same volume on a balance. The cube with more particles (higher mass) is heavier, demonstrating it has higher density.

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Isobaric Process Noun

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[eye-soh-bar-ik pros-es]

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Isobaric Process

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A thermodynamic process during which the pressure of the system remains constant while other variables like volume and temperature change.

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Example: Heating a gas in a container with a movable piston causes the gas to expand (volume increases), but the pressure remains constant.

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Isovolumetric Process Noun

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[eye-soh-vol-yoo-met-rik pros-es]

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Isovolumetric Process

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A thermodynamic process during which the volume of the closed system remains constant, also known as an isochoric process.

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Example: Heating a gas in a sealed container with a fixed lid (constant volume) causes its pressure and temperature to increase, as shown by the graph.

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Isothermal Process Noun

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[eye-soh-thur-muhl pros-es]

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Isothermal Process

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A type of thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system remains constant throughout the entire process.

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Example: A gas (system) inside a piston is kept at a constant temperature by a surrounding heat bath, which allows heat to flow in or out.

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Isochoric Process Noun

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[eye-soh-kor-ik pros-es]

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Isochoric Process

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An alternative name for an isovolumetric process, where the volume of the system undergoing the process remains constant.

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Example: This graph shows that in an isochoric process, the volume stays the same (the line is vertical) while the pressure can change.

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Real Gas Noun

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[reel gas]

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Real Gas

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An actual gas whose physical properties deviate from the ideal gas law because its particles have volume and experience intermolecular forces.

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Example: At high pressure, gas particles are forced close together, so their individual volume and attractions become significant, which defines the behavior of a real gas.