Responsible for coordination and procedural learning.

Where higher cognitive functions like language and problem-solving occur.

The prefrontal cortex

Essential for decision-making and attention.

Parts of the brain and their basic functions

- Brain stem: Regulation of essential body functions. - Limbic system: Processing emotions, memory formation, and decision-making. - Cerebellum: Balance, coordination, and motor control. - Cerebrum: Thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, processing information, learning new skills, and higher-level thinking. - Prefrontal cortex: Decision-making, impulse control, emotional regulation, planning, organizing, and prioritizing tasks.

Prefrontal cortex development during elementary school

The prefrontal cortex grows quickly during elementary school, helping with decision-making and impulse control. Teachers can support this development by using hands-on activities, routines, positive reinforcement, clear instructions, practice, and encouragement to help students build strong connections.

In middle school (ages 11 to 14), the prefrontal cortex improves, helping with planning, organizing, and handling emotions. However, the limbic system, which deals with feelings and social behavior, can sometimes be stronger, causing conflicts.

Teachers can support students by letting them work together, providing real-world relevance, modeling positive relationships, teaching goal setting, helping them manage emotions, and showing them how to handle their feelings.

During high school (ages 14 to 18), the prefrontal cortex becomes better at making complex decisions and setting goals. Teens become more independent but may still struggle with impulse control and risk-taking due to their developing brains.

Teachers can help by encouraging critical thinking, teaching stress management skills, providing routines, offering opportunities for reflection, and supporting students' growth as their brains develop.

Brain stem: The part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord.

The brain stem oversees essential functions like keeping the heart beating regularly, controlling breathing, managing blood flow, and regulating automatic actions like sneezing and swallowing.

The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located at the back of the head and is essential for controlling voluntary muscle movements, posture, and balance.

The cerebrum is the brain's front part, managing movement, body temperature, cognitive skills like speaking and decision-making, and sensory tasks such as seeing, hearing, and touch.

The prefrontal cortex is vital for decision-making, managing impulses, and regulating emotions.

Cerebral cortex's grey matter

The grey matter in the cerebral cortex is linked to the brain's higher processing capabilities.

Neuroplasticity enables the brain to adapt and develop even after the age of 25, showcasing its lifelong learning potential.

Key structures of the brain

The cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and limbic system are essential for managing cognitive, emotional, and physiological processes.

Encoding refers to the initial processing of information, where sensory input is transformed into a form that the brain can store and use.

Storage involves retaining encoded information over time, like files in a cabinet, so it can be retrieved when needed.

Retrieval is the process of remembering and bringing back stored information when needed, similar to finding a file in a cabinet.

Feedback plays a vital role in refining learning strategies by providing information about performance and guiding future actions.

Metacognition involves awareness and understanding of one's thinking processes, enabling learners to monitor and regulate their learning effectively.

Actively recalling information from memory, such as answering questions or completing quizzes, strengthens long-term retention. Example: Instead of just re-reading notes, students practice recalling information without looking at their materials.

Spacing out study sessions over time rather than cramming all at once promotes better retention and understanding. Example: Rather than studying for six hours the night before a test, students might study for one hour each day over six days.

Mixing up different types of problems or topics during study sessions, which enhances learning by promoting deeper understanding and transfer of knowledge. For example, instead of practicing one type of math problem at a time, students might practice a mix of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems.

Feedback-driven Metacognition

Using feedback from assessments and evaluations to reflect on and regulate one's own learning strategies and understanding. For example, after receiving feedback on an essay, a student reflects on areas for improvement and adjusts their writing strategies accordingly.

Introducing challenges or obstacles during learning to cultivate resilience and enhance overall learning.

The set of mental skills that help individuals plan, focus their attention, and remember instructions successfully.

Planning in executive function

Helps students break down tasks into manageable steps, set goals, and create a timeline for completing assignments.

Working memory in executive function

Allows students to hold information in mind while completing tasks, such as remembering instructions or key concepts during a test.

Self-regulation in executive function

Helps students manage emotions, stay focused, and control impulses, leading to better behavior and academic performance.

Organization in executive function

Enables students to keep track of assignments, materials, and deadlines, leading to improved time management and productivity.

Flexibility in executive function

Allows students to adapt to changes in routine or unexpected challenges, leading to better problem-solving skills and resilience.

Developmental Topics and Neuroscience Flashcards

Student preview

38 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Cognition

Back

Refers to the mental processes used to understand, learn, and apply knowledge.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Neurodevelopment

Back

The process of how the brain grows and changes over time.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Neurons

Back

Tiny cells in the brain that work together like an extensive communication network.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Neuroscience

Back

The study of the brain and nervous system.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Pruning

Back

The elimination of pathways that are not needed, optimizing brain function.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Myelination

Back

A process where the brain strengthens pathways, making them more efficient.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Brain Development Timeline

Back

The brain develops in stages: - Prenatal: Formation of brain cells begins in the womb. - Birth: Rapid brain growth begins. - Newborn: Pruning and myelination continue. - Early Childhood: Brain development processes continue, especially in the frontal lobe. - Adulthood: Brain development begins to slow down.

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