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queue

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the braided pigtail that was traditionally worn by Chinese males

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porcelain

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a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures

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clan

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a group of related families

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daimyo

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“great names”; the head of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection

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hans

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approximately 250 domains into which Japan was divided under the Tokugawa

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hostage system

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In the term hostage system, the word hostage refers to a person held to make sure promises will be kept. In this case, a daimyo’s family was held by the shogunate to make sure the daimyo kept his promises.

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eta

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Japan’s outcast class whose way of life was strictly regulated by the Tokugawa

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mainland states

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a part of a continent, as distinguished from peninsulas or offshore islands

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bureaucracy

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an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures

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Shogun

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"general", a powerful military leader in Japan