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Civilians

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People who are not members of the military or armed forces; ordinary citizens.

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Jin Dynasty

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A Chinese dynasty (1115–1234 CE) that ruled parts of northern China before being conquered by the Mongols.

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Jingkang Incident

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A major event in 1127 when the Jin army captured the Song capital, leading to the fall of the Northern Song and the start of the Southern Song period.

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Southern Song period

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The time after the Jingkang Incident when the Song Dynasty ruled only southern China and focused on rebuilding and strengthening the empire.

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Battle of Yamen

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The final battle of the Song Dynasty, fought in 1279 CE, in which the Mongol Empire defeated the Song forces.

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Yuan Dynasty

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The dynasty established by the Mongols under Kublai Khan after they conquered China, ruling from 1271 to 1368 CE.

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Marco Polo

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A Venetian traveler who visited China decades after the Song Dynasty ended but wrote about its culture and achievements, inspiring Europeans about China.