Notes no. 3.3 – The Political Relations in Southeast Asia

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The Sultanate of Sulu

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A Muslim state that ruled the islands in the Sulu Sea in the southern Philippines.

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Establishment of the Sultanate of Sulu

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Believed to be established in 1457 under Raja Baguinda Ali.

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Government form of the Sultanate of Sulu

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An oligarchy where a small group holds most political power.

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Assistance to the Sultan of Sulu

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Assisted by a council called Ruma Bechara Assembly with six members.

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Mandala System

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Primary political relations concept in Southeast Asia before colonists.

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Origin of the word "mandala"

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From Sanskrit, meaning a sacred “circle.”

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Symbolism of mandala

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Represents the universe; used in Hinduism and Buddhism for meditation.

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Ruler under the mandala system

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Worshipped as the god of the earth, recognized as the Universal Emperor or cakravartin.

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Spiritual aspect of the mandala system

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A spiritual way of exercising a political system.

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Emperor Gajah Mada

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A cakravartin of the Majapahit Empire.