S30 Chemistry Vocab

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Complete Hydrocarbon Combustion

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A reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Reactants: hydrocarbon + O₂; Products: CO₂ + H₂O.

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Sulfur Oxides (SOₓ)

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Pollutants like SO₂ and SO₃, formed when sulfur-containing fossil fuels are burned. They contribute to acid rain.

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Nitrogen Oxides (NOₓ)

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Pollutants like NO and NO₂, formed when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at high temperatures (e.g., in car engines and power plants).

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Acid Rain

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Rainwater with a pH lower than normal, caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides reacting with water in the atmosphere to form acids (H₂SO₄, HNO₃).

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Brønsted-Lowry Acid

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A substance that donates a proton (H⁺) in a reaction.

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Brønsted-Lowry Base

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A substance that accepts a proton (H⁺) in a reaction.

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Electrolyte

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A substance that dissolves in water to produce ions, allowing the solution to conduct electricity.

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Hydronium Ion (H₃O⁺)

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The ion responsible for acidity in a solution, formed when an acid donates H⁺ to water.

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Hydroxide Ion (OH⁻)

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The ion responsible for basicity in a solution, released when a base dissolves in water.

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pH and Hydronium Ion Concentrations

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pH measures acidity based on H₃O⁺ concentration. Formula: pH = -log[H₃O⁺]. A lower pH means more H₃O⁺ (stronger acid).