NUR 138 Pharmacology Diabetes Drugs

The primary cause of Type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, which leads to insufficient insulin production. This differs from Type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by insulin resistance.

Type 2 diabetes typically develops in adults, often due to lifestyle factors and obesity. While it can occur in younger populations, the term 'adult onset' reflects its most common age of diagnosis.

Increased thirst is a common symptom of diabetes, known as polydipsia. This occurs due to high blood sugar levels, which lead to dehydration and trigger the body's thirst response.

Rapid-Acting Lispro is designed for mealtime coverage and should be administered just before or right after meals to effectively manage blood sugar spikes.

Hypoglycemia is the most serious adverse effect of insulin, as it can lead to dangerous drops in blood sugar levels, causing symptoms like confusion, seizures, or even loss of consciousness, making it a critical concern for insulin users.

Afrezza is the only inhaled insulin option listed and is classified as rapid-acting, making it suitable for mealtime glucose control. The other options are not inhaled or are long-acting insulins.

Metformin primarily works by decreasing hepatic glucose production, which reduces blood sugar levels. It does not primarily increase insulin secretion or sensitivity, nor does it significantly affect glucose absorption.

Thiazolidinediones are a class of oral antidiabetic drugs that specifically increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, helping to improve glucose uptake and lower blood sugar levels.

To prevent hypoglycemia in insulin users, it's crucial to assess symptoms like sweating, confusion, tremors, and palpitations, as these indicate low blood sugar levels requiring immediate attention.