Acids and Bases

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Solution Noun

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[suh-loo-shun]

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Solution

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A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances that has the same composition and properties throughout its volume.

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Example: This diagram shows a solution in a beaker, with a magnified view revealing solute particles evenly mixed among solvent particles.

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Ion Noun

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[ahy-on]

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Ion

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An atom or molecule that has a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

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Example: This diagram shows an ionic solid breaking apart in water to form separate positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions), a process called dissolution.

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Hydronium Ion Noun

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[hahy-droh-nee-uhm ahy-on]

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Hydronium Ion

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The positive ion (H3O+) that is formed when a water molecule accepts a positively charged hydrogen ion (H+).

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Example: This diagram shows how a water molecule (H₂O) uses its electrons to bond with a proton (H⁺), forming a positively charged hydronium ion (H₃O⁺).

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Hydroxide Ion Noun

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[hahy-drok-sahyd ahy-on]

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Hydroxide Ion

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The negative ion (OH-) that is formed when a water molecule loses a positively charged hydrogen ion (H+).

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Example: This diagram shows a hydroxide ion, which is made of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom bonded together, carrying a negative charge.

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Acidity Noun

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[uh-sid-i-tee]

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Acidity

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The level of acid in a substance, which is measured by the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution.

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Example: This diagram shows the pH scale, where substances with a pH value from 0 to 6 are considered acidic, with lower numbers indicating stronger acidity.

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pH Scale Noun

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[pee-eych skeyl]

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pH Scale

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A logarithmic scale, typically ranging from 0 to 14, used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

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Example: This diagram shows the pH scale from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic), using common items like lemons and ammonia to illustrate their pH values.

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Acid Noun

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[as-id]

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Acid

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A substance that produces hydronium ions when dissolved in water, resulting in a solution with a pH value less than 7.

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Example: This pH scale shows that acids are substances with a pH value less than 7, providing examples like lemons, vinegar, and stomach acid.

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Base Noun

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[beys]

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Base

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A substance that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water, resulting in a solution with a pH value greater than 7.

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Example: When a base like Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is added to water, it splits apart, releasing hydroxide ions (OH-), which makes the solution basic.

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Neutral Solution Noun

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[noo-truhl suh-loo-shun]

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Neutral Solution

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A solution that is neither acidic nor basic, characterized by having a pH of exactly 7 at a specific temperature.

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Example: This pH scale shows that a neutral solution has a pH value of 7, positioned exactly between the acidic range (below 7) and the alkaline range (above 7).

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Neutralization Noun

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[noo-truh-li-zey-shun]

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Neutralization

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A chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react with each other to form a salt and water.

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Example: This image shows a neutralization reaction: combining an acid and a base produces water (represented as H+OH-) and a salt, resulting in a neutral solution.