Hypothesis Testing and P-values

Front

What is the first step of a hypothesis test?

Back

State your null and alternative hypotheses.

Front

What does a P-value represent in hypothesis testing?

Back

The P-value indicates the probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed results, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Front

If the P-value is less than the significance level (α), what should you do?

Back

Reject the null hypothesis.

Front

What is the null hypothesis (H0) in hypothesis testing?

Back

The null hypothesis is a statement that there is no effect or no difference, and it serves as the default assumption.

Front

What is the alternative hypothesis (Ha)?

Back

The alternative hypothesis is a statement that indicates the presence of an effect or a difference.

Front

What does it mean to 'fail to reject' the null hypothesis?

Back

It means that there is not enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

Front

What is the significance level (α) in hypothesis testing?

Back

The significance level is the threshold for determining whether to reject the null hypothesis, commonly set at 0.05.

Front

How do you interpret a P-value of 0.0304 when α = 0.05?

Back

Since 0.0304 < 0.05, you reject the null hypothesis.

Front

What is the formula for calculating the test statistic in hypothesis testing?

Back

The test statistic formula varies by test, but generally it is (sample mean - population mean) / (standard deviation / sqrt(sample size)).

Front

What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?

Back

A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true.