Chemistry Concepts

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Group

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Vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table; includes alkali metals, transition elements, noble gases, and halogens.

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Period

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Horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.

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Covalent molecule

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Structure consisting of small groups of atoms joined, e.g., H₂, P₄, S₈, C₆₀, etc.

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Covalent network

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Structure that is a giant 3D lattice of atoms, e.g., diamond, graphite, Si.

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Monatomic

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Structure made of single atoms. It is found in Noble Gases group.

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Covalent radius

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Measurement of the size of an atom.

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First ionisation energy

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Energy needed to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms.

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Screening effect

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Caused by the inner electrons of an atom; it explains why ionisation energy and electronegativity decrease down a group.

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Electronegativity

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Measures the attraction an atom has for a shared pair of electrons.

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Pure covalent bond

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A bond formed between two atoms with the same electronegativity.