Memory Encoding and Retrieval

Front

Unconscious encoding of incidental information like space, time, frequency, and well-learned information such as word meanings.

Back

Automatic Processing

Front

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort, such as studying for a test.

Back

Effortful Processing

Front

Encoding based on the meaning of words, which leads to better retention.

Back

Deep Processing

Front

Encoding based on sound or appearance, which leads to poorer retention.

Back

Shallow Processing

Front

Enhanced memory after retrieving information rather than simply rereading it.

Back

Testing Effect

Front

Memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices, such as the method of loci or peg-word system.

Back

Mnemonic Devices

Front

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, approximately 7 ± 2 items for about 20–30 seconds.

Back

Short-Term Memory (STM) / Working Memory

Front

Semantic Memory: A type of Explicit memory involving general knowledge and facts (e.g., knowing the name of the first U.S. President).

Back

Semantic Memory

Front

Episodic Memory: A type of Explicit memory involving personally experienced events (e.g., what you ate for dinner last night).

Back

Episodic Memory

Front

Procedural Memory: A type of Implicit memory involving skills and procedures (e.g., tying your shoes).

Back

Procedural Memory