Indian National Congress (INC) History

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The British aimed to keep demands for reforms and representation within a controlled and non-violent framework.

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This was part of their strategy to manage Indian political aspirations.

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The INC was moderate and loyal to the British Crown in its early years, making it easier for the British to control.

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This loyalty was a key factor in its management.

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The British partitioned Bengal in 1905 to weaken the nationalist movement.

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The partition divided Hindus and Muslims, creating communal divisions. East Bengal and Assam had a Muslim majority, while the western part had a Hindu majority.

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The role of nationalist newspapers during the protests.

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Newspapers like Kesari and Bande Mataram were censored or banned to suppress nationalist activities.

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The foundation of the All India Muslim League (AIML).

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The AIML was established in December 1906 in Dhaka, providing Muslims a unified political voice and a platform to protect their rights.

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Impact of Morley-Minto Reforms on governance.

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The reforms marked the first time Indians were given a role in governance through elections in legislative councils.

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Motivation for Muslim education by early leaders.

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Early leaders like Sir Syed Khan emphasized education to empower Muslims politically and socially.

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Exclusion of common people from governance under the Morley-Minto Reforms

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Common people had no role in governance, making the reforms ineffective in addressing broader demands for self-rule.

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British strategy to weaken the Indian national movement through the Morley-Minto Reforms

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The British used a divide-and-rule strategy by introducing separate electorates for Muslims.

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INC's stance on the Morley-Minto Reforms

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The INC opposed the reforms, as they did not grant real power or self-rule to Indians.