Cell Cycle and Genetics Flashcards

Mitosis is the process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, ensuring genetic material is equally distributed.

A chromosome is a thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins, containing genetic information in the form of genes.

During mitosis, chromosomes condense, align, separate, and are distributed into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.

Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes and involves simple division, while mitotic cell division occurs in eukaryotes and involves multiple stages.

Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes, while sex chromosomes determine an organism's sex (e.g., X and Y in humans).

Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, while Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells.

Haploid cells undergo maturation processes to become functional gametes, such as sperm or eggs.

Mendel's data revealed dominant and recessive traits and the predictable inheritance patterns of traits.

Mendel's law of segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, and each gamete receives one allele.

Variations of a gene, called alleles, arise due to mutations and recombination, leading to genetic diversity.