Cancer and Pathophysiology Flashcard

Front

A nurse explains carcinogenesis to a client. Which statement indicates understanding of the promotion stage? This is when the DNA mutation first occurs., Cancer cells spread to distant organs., Mutated cells are stimulated to proliferate., Cells lose their ability to repair DNA.

Back

Mutated cells are stimulated to proliferate.

Front

Which explanation BEST describes how oncogenes contribute to cancer development?

Back

They stimulate uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Front

A nurse reviews staging information for a client with cancer. Which finding indicates the greatest disease progression? Local tumor growth, Regional lymph node involvement, Distant organ metastasis, Dysplastic cellular changes

Back

Distant organ metastasis

Front

The nurse is caring for a client with cancer-related cachexia. Which pathophysiologic process contributes MOST to this condition?

Back

Tumor-induced metabolic alterations

Front

Which clinical example reflects dysplasia, not hyperplasia or metaplasia? Options: Replacement of normal respiratory epithelium with squamous cells due to smoking, Abnormal cervical epithelial cells with irregular nuclei and increased mitotic figures, Increased RBC production at high altitude, Increased endometrial cell number during the menstrual cycle

Back

Abnormal cervical epithelial cells with irregular nuclei and increased mitotic figures

Front

A patient with a long history of alcohol use reports chronic epigastric pain, steatorrhea, and unintentional weight loss. Imaging shows pancreatic calcifications. Which condition is most consistent with these findings?

Back

Chronic pancreatitis

Front

Which patient is at the highest risk for acute pancreatitis? A patient with a history of gallstones who reports sudden severe epigastric pain, A patient with chronic diarrhea and skip lesions on colonoscopy, A patient with long standing alcohol use and pancreatic calcifications, A patient with bloody stools and continuous colonic inflammation

Back

A patient with a history of gallstones who reports sudden severe epigastric pain

Front

Which example reflects the cellular phase of inflammation? A patient whose IL 1 and TNF α release causes fever and systemic inflammation, A patient whose histamine release causes vasodilation and redness, A patient whose endothelial gaps widen, allowing albumin to escape, A patient whose neutrophils follow chemokine gradients to the injury site

Back

A patient whose neutrophils follow chemokine gradients to the injury site

Front

A patient undergoes a routine blood pressure screening and is found to have previously undiagnosed hypertension. This represents which level of prevention?

Back

Secondary

Front

Which cellular adaptation involves replacement of one mature cell type with another due to chronic irritation?

Back

Metaplasia